Vol 6, No 3 (2023)

this article discusses the key features of the peasant community at different stages of its existence. It is noted that the first communities were created during the period of Kievan Rus, however, various historical events, one way or another, had a significant impact on it. For example, against the backdrop of the abolition of serfdom in Russia, the living conditions and duties of peasants changed, but such communities were not completely eradicated. They ceased to exist only in connection with the creation of collective farms, however, rural settlements that are actively engaged in agriculture exist in Russia today. As part of the analysis, the author formulated the conclusion that the village society is a powerful symbol of Russian culture, which has a very long history and national spirit. This spirit finds its manifestation in the steadfastness of overcoming all the hardships of peasant life, as well as in the predominance of the collective spirit over the individual. In this regard, the author notes that in communities, collective interests always prevail over the interests of an individual, and the implementation of collective activities is considered in such communities as the main goal of activity, which does not include the achievement of personal wealth. It is obvious that the study of such communities is of high research interest, since they have not only a fairly long history, but also very specific features, largely due to the territory of residence of Russian peasants, their living conditions, climate and relationships with the authorities, the presence of a number of duties.

the issue of war at sea was not new, there were many collisions on the water in history, but they were all just a competition and a test of strength. In England, for a long time, the navy has become a vital and determining tool on the basis of which foreign policy and the welfare of the state were built. The policy of the Court and Parliament parties, Tories and Whigs, respectively, expressed in the concepts of "oak doors" and "balance of power policy" was largely the result of a clash of commercial, land interests, as well as the position of the Royal Navy establishment. In this paper, the process of forming concepts and doctrines for the use of the fleet as a separate kind of military force, and not only as a transport component of the ground forces, will be considered. This study will be based on a cluster of written historical sources and studies reflecting the genesis of the strategy and tactics of the Navy in the context of the studied issues, using retrospective, comparative, systematic, typological and other methods of historical research. In connection with this aspect, the process of forming the tactics of the navy, as a separate institution, and not the cooperation of the shipowners of the king and the grouping of the monarch's ships, respectively, will be studied.

this article analyzes the publications of the press of the Libertarian Party of the USA, which express the attitude towards the confrontation between the USA and the USSR. The purpose of the study was to trace how the opinion of libertarians correlates with the position of the American establishment – first of all, the Republican Party, which is close to libertarianism. To implement his plans, the author turned to both materials from the periodical press and official documents, as well as pre-election statements by well-known politicians from the libertarian wing. The analysis of libertarian views on the problem does not lose relevance in the light of current events and allows us to understand the worldview of representatives of this movement as a whole. This position is of particular interest in the light of statements by US officials regarding the USSR and Russia – both in the eighties and in our time. First of all, we are talking about President Ronald Reagan, who has been called a moderate libertarian more than once. Certainly, the libertarian movement still has little influence on the political life of the United States, but one of the important elements of libertarian propaganda remains the topic of isolationism of US foreign policy, which is important in modern conditions.

this article discusses the functioning of the Summer Garden and the rescue of its sculptures during the blockade of Leningrad. The role of sculpture in the historical retrospective of the life of Russia as the ideology of the foundations of the Russian state is considered, the value of the past time is shown. Sculpture is described as a special way of expressing the phenomenon of Russian self-consciousness of the time of Peter the Great and its special role in the Russian state. The Summer Garden is described as the center of social life in St. Petersburg in various historical periods. A feature of this article is the consideration of the Summer Garden from the angle of political design and its influence on the domestic and foreign policy of the state. The article discusses, starting from its opening and until the second half of the 20th century, three periods of existence and construction of the sculptural space and monuments of the Summer Garden, as well as their features: Imperial (1704-1917), Soviet (1917-1991) and Modern (1991 - present). We have described the main milestones in the formation of the Summer Garden as an independent single museum institution. The article analyzes the works devoted to the Summer Garden, on the basis of which statistics are shown that reveal the qualitative composition and safety of the monuments. The dynamics of the composition of sculptures in the periods under consideration is presented in the form of a diagram. A special place in the article is given to the feat of the workers of the Summer Garden and their activities in this period. The article also analyzes the state of the museum complex and the damage caused during the hostilities to the park and sculptures of the Summer Garden by the end of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The desire of museum workers to minimize the losses of various formats, as well as the role of restoration work in the preservation of the Summer Garden, is shown. The role of museum workers of the Summer Garden in saving sculptures and monuments in war conditions, the contribution of sculptors-restorers, and, in particular, the contribution of P.K. Lobanov to preserve the Summer Garden. The issue of damage and loss of the Summer Garden during the war years and the fate and life of museum workers during the war years are partially touched upon. The article used statistical methods, chronological, historical-systemic, logical and retrospective methods. Statistical methods, chronological, historical-system, logical and retrospective methods were used in the article.

the article examines the theatrical life in a small town on the example of the city of Tara, Omsk region. The theatrical life of the second half of the XX century is studied in dynamics, the key creative associations, personalities, periods are identified. In this article, we rely on such concepts as "local history" (meaning the consideration of the theatrical life of a separate locus – the Tarsky Priirtyshie region through the influence of individuals, associations and processes on the cultural process, referring both to written sources and historical memory), "cultural nest", "cultural environment" (as a complex of social and cultural characteristics, preferences, connections in the territory under consideration, in the local space). Three main stages of the development of the theatrical life of the Tarsky Priirtyshie region are identified . The first stage of the 1940s – 1950s, the time of work in the Container of the theater under the direction of Evgeny Prosvetov. It is characterized by the appearance of a professional theater troupe in a small provincial town, involving residents of Tara in theatrical life; the second stage – the 1960s – 1990s – the time of the functioning of the people's theater in Tara, the wide involvement of city residents in the creative environment, the emergence of theatrical traditions and connections with professional theater figures from the regional center. The third stage – since the beginning of the 2000s – is the time of the appearance of a professional theater in Tara and its development, taking into account the theatrical traditions of the city. The cultural life of the Tarsky Priirtyshie region is considered through the study of the interaction of creative associations, cultural institutions and individual ascetics

this article examines the arguments of supporters of the Libertarian Party of the United States against the War on Drugs conducted by President Ronald Reagan. First of all, this topic concerns the southern part of the country and, in particular, the state of Florida. The war on drugs has long been the object of criticism from various political forces. For example, the leftists draws attention to the fact that Reagan's policy primarily hit migrants. In order to address the arguments of libertarians concerning primarily the issue of personal freedoms, the author turned to publications in the libertarian periodicals, as well as to official documents of the party. It belongs to the period from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. The statements of officials as well as the opinions of ordinary followers of the Libertarian Party were considered.

the article, using an archival array of documents, discusses the features of the development of cage fur farming in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra, from the second half of the 1940s to the 1950s. Being a part of the district's fur and fur preparations, fur farming, thanks to the adoption in the late 1940s normative legal act by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, experienced accelerated growth throughout the 1950s. The author provides statistical data in dynamics, on the number of fur farms, the number of animals in them, the volume of preparations in skins and in rubles. Comparing the influx of foreign currency with the harvesting of wild furs, the author comes to the conclusion that the same rapid skew of the gross fur product in favor of the production of caged fur farming reached 60% of the total volume of fur harvesting in the district. Analyzing the reasons for the success of breeding animals in captivity, the author comes to the conclusion that such growth was ensured by the shortage of labor resources of the district. Fur farming made it possible, without allocating a significant number of workers, to ensure the fulfillment of the state procurement plan and increase the material well-being of collective farms. Ultimately, by the end of the 1950s, cage fur farming brought in, on average, more than 20% of the total income of the district's collective farm. In an attempt to get away from the monotony of harvested furs, under pressure from a decrease in international prices for the production of silver-black fox skins, measures are being taken to breed minks and blue foxes. Among other things, data are provided on incentive measures that also contributed to the growth of fur farming in the district.

the article touches on the topical aspects of modern Russian education, which was completely destroyed after the transition to the capitalist rails of the country's development in 1991. The main reasons that led to its radical changes are shown. The author also reveals the main socio-political and socio-economic problems of society. A return to Stalinism and the mobilization type of economy with the help of the GULAG is predicted, due to the complete collapse in the country. Key assessments of specific events are taken from specific books and a number of periodicals, which have become the mainstay of the scientific position of the research conducted by the author. The article uses a systematic approach and traditional methods of dialectical thought-making, the principles of historicism and concreteness. The novelty of the research lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of new information that has not yet been discussed in the circles of Russian historians, philosophers, sociologists, political scientists in the context proposed by the author. The article will help to expand the content of the basic concepts related to the characteristics of the Russian state and society, useful for the development and improvement of modern not only Russian historical science, but also other social disciplines.

the article is devoted to the analysis of cooperation between Afghanistan and China in the framework of geopolitical projects. The authors emphasize that the countries are historically interested in stable relations. Important aspects to consider are such projects as the "New Silk Road" and "One Belt, One Road", which are important . trade routes that connect the countries of East and Southeast Asia with Europe, an initiative of a global nature, a feature of which is the creation of an extensive infrastructure network. For the first time, Chinese President Xi Jinping announced this project in September 2013 during his visit to Kahazstan.At the same time, China, as an interested party in integrating Afghanistan into its project, has expressed concerns related to concerns about the actual insecurity in the territory of modern Afghanistan, as well as tensions with Pakistan.Authors point out that the new Afghan government, which came to power in August 2021 is also interested in involving Afghanistan in the One Belt and Road project. The author emphasizes China's role in the search for peace in Afghanistan. In this regard, China is actively increasing its cooperation with other members of the international community in an effort to jointly seek a peaceful solution to the situation in Afghanistan. The authors conclude that China considers Afghanistan as one of its priorities in its geopolitical projects and an important factor in this context is the cooperation within the framework of the "New Silk Road" and "One Belt, One Road".

the educational programs of any higher educational institution contain a number of compulsory humanitarian disciplines, among which history occupies a special place. Its significance lies in helping the individual to become a citizen of his country, to master the skills of critical thinking, which is part of the individual culture of a person. At the same time, it should be noted that the number of classroom hours that the educational standards of universities allocate to the study of history is declining. At the same time, the amount of discipline is increasing. In this regard, the issue of supplementing traditional methods, didactic means of teaching the discipline of history with innovative methods that form the worldview of students as future professionals in their field of knowledge becomes relevant. Our article considers the possibility of revising the place of history in the educational programs of higher education; the definition of the essence of the studied academic discipline, its significance in the educational process of the university is given. In addition, we are studying a way to improve the quality of education by organizing problem-based learning in higher education.

the article deals with the causes, course and results of the Ottoman-Safavid war of 1578-1590 on the basis of historiographical material. The authors analyzes the military-political confrontation between the two Muslim states in the last third of the 16th century, and the place of the Caucasus in this struggle. According to the authors, the sharp struggle between these states was accompanied not only by mutual religious persecution and efforts, but often by long wars. The authors believe that the extremely violent conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid state was based not only on the religious factor, but also on the desire of the parties to control the most important international trade and transport routes. The determining factor capable of providing an advantage to one side or another was precisely the possession of the Caucasus. The authors made an attempt to reveal the place and role of the Caucasus in the strategic plans of the two great powers. According to the authors, the Caucasus was one of the theaters of military operations, which was due to its strategic and geopolitical significance. Since the confrontation directly concerned the Caucasus, both powers relied on the support and assistance of the Caucasian rulers.

this article examines Rudyard Kipling's work for the Imperial War Graves Commission in Great Britain. It traces his role in the institutionalisation and operation of the Commission, where Rudyard worked practically from its foundation in 1917 until the end of his life. During the eighteen years of his work he made a significant contribution to the creation of memorial sites dedicated to the fallen of the First World War. Drawing on a number of foreign sources, including those of Kipling's contemporaries and colleagues, it is concluded that through his work on memorial inscriptions, his public relations work and his oversight of memorial construction, Rudyard Kipling helped realise the central purpose of the Commission to commemorate over one million people killed in the First World War, thus directly affecting the historical memory of the First World War. Kipling's authority and his work in promoting the activities of the Commission by writing pamphlets helped to defend its basic principles and gain widespread support.

the article examines, using the method of astronomical chronology, the astronomical symbolism contained in the text in order to obtain an absolute independent dating of the writing of Aeschylus's tragedy «Prometheus Bound». The method of astronomical chronology used in the study allows us to determine, using astronomical calculations, the historical moment of time, according to a verbal description in works of literature or a graphic image on architectural monuments, the configuration of the starry sky, namely the location of the Sun, planets and Moon in the constellations of the Zodiac belt. In the course of the historical and chronological study, a verbal description of such a configuration of the starry sky was revealed. In the course of the subsequent, mathematical and astronomical calculation and visual comparison, using computer technology, the dating of the writing of the tragedy «Prometheus Bound» was obtained. The absolute, independent date established in the calculation does not correspond to the accepted one in the official chronology, but it is in excellent agreement with the dates of the creation of other surviving dramatic works of Aeschylus, obtained in the previous historical and chronological studies of the author. It also agrees with the dating of the years of the playwright's life, the battles of the Greco-Persian War and the eruption of Mount Etna, mentioned in the text of the tragedy, obtained by the author in the study of the «Parian Chronicle».

this article examines the financial and economic activities of the House of Youth of the Komsomol created by the Smolensk Regional Committee for the period 1988-1990. For the study, the authors involved the materials of the State Archives of Contemporary History of the Smolensk Region (hereinafter SACHSR), previously not introduced into scientific circulation. It is concluded that the Komsomol in the second half of the 1980s - early 1991 was an integral part of the Soviet state, and was unable to keep young people in its sphere of influence, which in the end led to its self-dissolution.

появление огнестрельного оружия на море стало важным событием и изменило тактическое и стратегическое содержание корабельного боя. XVII век с 1653 года стал эрой линейного флота и своеобразным полигоном для новой методики эффективного поражения противника – артиллерийской дуэли, что через пятьдесят лет было обобщено тулонским профессором математики Полем Гостом. Являясь наиболее полным трудом по тактики, , был изучен не полностью, что привело ко многим поражениям, в частности английского флота в сражениях около Тулона в 1744 и при о. Менорка в 1756 гг. Только независимое исследование Джона Клерка, случайно попавшееся, капитану Дугласу в 1782 году спасло ситуацию и открыло новую эпоху тактики морского боя – маневренную. Но какие основные положения заложены в работы двух гениев тактики и являются ли они взаимоисключающими или взаимосвязанными?