Vol 6, No 2 (2023)

the article attempts a historical and political analysis of the international anti-war movement of the second half of the twentieth century. Based on materials from Russian archives, as well as the works of domestic and foreign researchers, the main stages of the formation and development of this movement are characterized, the causes of its ups and downs are revealed. A number of archival documents, previously unpublished both in Russia and abroad, have been put into scientific circulation. The paper considers the prospect of regeneration of the international anti-war movement. The authors conclude that the continuing threat of unleashing a nuclear war, the West's continuing attempts to establish a unipolar world in the international arena, the refusal of the North Atlantic Alliance states to provide Russia with security guarantees, an unprecedented arms race, as well as the emergence of new threats and challenges in their entirety will lead to a revival in the future the international anti-war movement.

this article is devoted to the US-Somali diplomatic crisis that unfolded in 1974-1975 around the point of logistics of the navy of the USSR in the Somali port of Berbera. In the 1970s the problem of the militarization of the Indian Ocean, which escalated after the start of the construction of the American military base on the Diego Garcia Atoll, was quite acute, and both the USSR and the United States actively criticized each other after any increase in their presence in the region. For the United States, the "Soviet base" in Berbera was not only a justification for building a base on Diego Garcia, but also posed a threat to American positions in the Indian Ocean, which meant, on the one hand, the need to bring the problem to the attention of the media, and, on the other hand, minimize the Soviet presence in Berbera. The main problem for the United States was that it was extremely difficult to prove the existence of a "Soviet base" in Somalia - all arguments, from satellite images to Soviet ships in the port of Berbera, were only indirect arguments. The loud statements of US President Ford in August 1974 and US Secretary of Defense Schlesinger in 1975 about the "Soviet base" basically fueled the crisis and complicated the already difficult relations between Washington and Mogadishu. US intelligence services, although they recorded activity in Berbera and were able to establish that there was a warehouse with Soviet-made anti-ship missiles, also could not report anything that could turn the tide. The article shows the main stages of the Berbera crisis and the ways of its peaceful resolution, to which both the American and Somali sides made efforts.

the article tells about the theatrical crisis in Russia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Problems in art are considered on the example of the Moscow Maly Theater. The crisis was related to the social economic and political situation during this period. Necessary reforms arose in the theatrical art. Directors, actors, theatrical figures and critics spoke and wrote about the crisis in theatrical art. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, new trends and styles began to appear in theatrical art. Cinema invaded art. Famous Russian directors K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko fought for the creation of a public accessible Art Theater. Leading artists of the Imperial Theatres, critics, directors, prominent public and theatrical figures prepared the transition to a new stage in the development of Russian theatrical art to a new, public theater. Leading theatrical figures have done everything to make the Russian theater not only loved, not only carried away, so that it is respected, so that its value in itself is equal to the highest art. The article analyzes their struggle for the theatre. The work is based on historical archival documents, memoirs, letters.

young people, being the most mobile, adaptive and at the same time progressive part of society, are rapidly responding to any changes in the socio-economic, political and cultural spheres. However, the disunity and disintegration of modern youth make this social group the most susceptible to negative influences, which determines special attention to it from government and public structures. Interest on the part of modern researchers in the youth policy of the Soviet state draws attention to the turning point in the history of the country - the end of the 1920-1930s, when its leadership began to carry out socialist modernization. In this regard, the subject of the article was the analysis of dissertation research by domestic scientists of the early 21st century, who identified youth, youth movements and Soviet youth policy in the period under review as the object of their research.

representations of the imperial authorities about the Asian outskirts in the second half of the 19th century. were constructed in the logic of internal imperialism, verbalized in the formula: the Asian part of the imperial space is Russia's own East. Omsk and the adjacent territories of the Steppe Territory, in the travelogue diary of the imperial expert A.K. Gaines are positioned as a constituent element of "their own East", requiring from the "man of power and culture" adequate decisions on the organization of territorial and mental space, as well as the introduction of effective management practices. The emotionally expressive intonation characteristic of travelogue as a genre creates the necessary prerequisites and opportunities for reformatting the research “optics” from a simple statement and description of the plot outline of the journey to a critical rethinking of stereotyped assessments of the functions and purpose of Siberian cities broadcast in historiography. The reference to the texts of travelogues also makes it possible to single out the cultural component in the characterization of the colonization process and its individual episodes, which is not the prerogative of official records management materials, which fix attention mainly on events, and not on the states, feelings and reflections of the authors and characters. Disclosure and deconstruction of the discourse of A.K.Gaines, expand the research perspective aimed at constructing a complex and multifaceted picture of the ideas of the Russian bureaucracy and social forces about the likely models for organizing administrative management on the eastern outskirts of the empire, the channels of communication between the authorities and social groups of the colonized region, the role of cities in the organization of the imperial space.

the US policy towards Cuba has always been greatly influenced by the powerful anti-Castro Cuban-American lobby, consisting of Cuban exiles and immigrants who settled mainly in Miami from the first years of the revolution. For many years the lobby has opposed any attempts to normalize relations. The strength of the diaspora became especially evident when the Cuban-American National Foundation (CANF) was established in the 1980s. However, the loss of this organization's influence by the beginning of the 21st century, the empowerment of the agribusiness lobby with its allies in Congress and the beginning of Babak Obama's presidency, sympathetic to the normalization of relations between the two countries, led to a change in US policy towards the Island of Freedom. Nevertheless, remains the tendency of the USA to pursue an unfriendly policy towards Cuba. However, recently it has been associated more and more often with the US domestic political interests, which is in many ways a result of the anti-Cuban conservative lobby activities.

the diverse contradictions of the modern world, growth of dangerous international conflicts, social polarization, clash of trends of both globalization and national isolation are an evidence of another serious crisis in the entire world order. The growth of entropy on a global scale raises the problem of the lack of a holistic and systematic understanding of the processes of socio-historical development, actualizes the need to analyze theories that study the development of large socio-cultural communities. In this regard, it is important to study socio-philosophical and philosophical-historical theories and views, united in a civilizational approach. The dominance of the formational approach in Soviet historical science ended in the late 1980s. And in 1995, the Russian Academy of Sciences recognized that civilizational theory can serve as one of the conceptual principles in textbooks for schools and universities for analyzing and describing the historical process. The subject matter of our article is the essence of the civilizational philosophical and historical concept. The subject and goal are investigation of discourse, in the space of which there is developed a methodology and the categories of the civilizational approach to history are analyzed. Here are used general theoretical research methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, interpretation. On this basis, there are formulated the following tasks: to study the essence and methodology of the civilizational approach; to consider the relationship between the concepts of "civilization" and "culture"; to study and evaluate the discussions connected with modern philosophical and historical research around the most important categories on which civilizational theory is based; to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of this theory, the possibility of its integration with other conceptual approaches. The article shows that within the framework of the theory under consideration methodological differences are significant. There are identified several varieties in which the key categories of the civilizational concept are interpreted differently. The materials of the article can be used both in further scientific research and in teaching practice.

one of the most controversial topics in the study of history to this day remains the Great Patriotic War, during which every region and every family in our country was affected. For many decades, many studies on the history of the Northwest have been published, but most of them concern the issues of the siege of Leningrad and the occupation of the western regions by Nazi invaders. At the same time, the consideration of the vital activity of residents of unoccupied areas remains poorly studied until today. It turns out a paradoxical situation: we know more about the occupied areas than about the areas free from German oppression. With all this, we must not forget about the role of the peasantry. In many ways, the successes at the front depended on the success of the activities of this part of the population. In particular, the year 1943 is important for the study as the year of a radical turning point during the war. Many hardships and hardships fell to the lot of the peasantry. The majority of the male population was sent to the front. Women and children had to organize the work of collective farms without any technical and horse-drawn assistance in order to deliver the plan on time. It was this year that issues were to be resolved not only to provide for the Red army, but also to develop their own farms, fill grain funds and raise children in wartime conditions. The main guarantee of success in this case, with all the difficulties, was to be the mutual assistance of the cities in the study area.

the purpose of this article is to continue recording the first data about beliefs of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Ural-Volga region in historical sources. This time we are focusing on the works of researchers in the period from the XVII century to the first half of 60s of the XVIII century. This allows us to solve a number of problems: to reveal on the analysis basis some features of beliefs of the Mari and Udmurts during the period when ethnic religions of these Finno-Ugric peoples of the Ural-Volga region were fixed. The results obtained are necessary for a more comprehensive study of pre-Christian and pre-Muslim beliefs of the peoples of Russia. The first data about the Cheremis religion belongs to A. Olearius (1633-1639) who noted the Cheremis worship to God and the “devil” living on the Nemda River, and in addition, the existence of sun and moon cults. According to the author, N. Witsen (1664-1665) first recorded the deity Ilimu among the Cheremis which could be identified with the later Mari Ilma, the Udmurt Ilmar and the Baltic-Finnish Ilmarinen. It is interesting that J. Streis (1668-1669) mentioned the existence of the Cheremis cult of Beelzebub. The author supposed that the latter could probably be related to the Mari cult of Karmakay – the fly keremet (spirit). Russian authors fixed data about the religion of the Cheremis and Udmurts in the first half of the XVIII century. G. Miller (1733) pointed out for the first time that the Cheremis god Yuma was the same as the Finnish Yumala. G. Miller also described the Votyak (Udmurt) beliefs, in particular, the presence of special prayer houses – kual. In the early 60s of the XVIII century in the work of P. Rychkov the name of the supreme Votyak god was still not given, but there was a valuable remark that invoking God the Votyaks had used the words “osta kozmo”. The last formula was directly related to the image of the Udmurt god Inmar.

this article, using the example of 1952, presents individual results of one of the paragraphs of a dissertation research devoted to the transformation of the historical memory of the First World War in Russia on the pages of domestic historical journals "Historian-Marxist", "Struggle of Classes", "Historical Journal" and Questions of History between 1926 and 1953. The object of research is the First World War in Russia; subject - publications about the First World War on the pages of 12 issues of the journal "Questions of History" for 1952; the purpose is to consider the views on the First World War on the pages of the magazine during the specified period. It is concluded that in 1952 the plots related to the First World War were presented on the pages of the journal "Voprosy istorii" on an ongoing basis (on average, each issue had about 1 relevant publication, and at least 9 out of 12 issues contained publications related to the First World War). The article examines how these subjects were reflected in the terminological, content and political planes. In particular, the most frequently used variants of the name of the war are noted; attention is focused on such facets of the historical memory of the First World War as the causes and perpetrators of the war, historical parallels with past and possible future events, positive and negative characteristics of people, events, phenomena and documents, various oppositions, methodology. There is attention to the plots related to the United States and the role of America in the First World War.

the purpose of this article is to study the role of non-agricultural earnings in the lives of villagers in the first post-revolutionary decade. The chronological framework of the study was the 1920s – the time of the formation of a new political and economic conjuncture, class breakdown, new beginnings in culture and everyday life. The departure of the 1920s was massive, seriously affected the state of urban unemployment and became one of the reasons for the beginning of urbanization. For many peasants, seasonal work brought a good income, although it was accompanied by certain difficulties of a domestic and family nature. The article analyzes the content of peasant letters to the authorities, which allow us to most vividly reproduce the picture of peasant everyday life after wars and revolutions, presents an analysis of the legal framework on issues of state regulation of waste to earnings, examines the peculiarities of the situation of citizens engaged in latrines in the labor market of the 1920s. In addition to economic factors, social factors also influenced the departure. One of them was the widespread idea that it is more profitable to have the status of an industrial worker, that it is better and easier to live in the city, that the problems of peasants for the authorities are secondary compared to the interests of workers in cities.

the article is devoted to the study of development and organization of labor market and industrial production on the territory of the Central Black Earth region of Russia at the turn of XIX-XX centuries. The author substantiates the influence of industry development on the labor market and reveals the forms of indirect and direct impact of industrialization on the emergence of the working class as a class of population in the Central Black Earth Region. The growth of the working class of the period under study involved in industry in Kursk province is proved. The industry of Kursk district towns at the turn of the century (XIX-XX centuries) – Lgov, Sudzha, Oboyan, Rylsk, Lgov – is described. The authors summed up the main conclusions: The basis of the class structure of provincial cities and district towns were peasants and petty bourgeoisie – an urban population, consisting of small craftsmen, merchants, small employees (belonging to the petty bourgeoisie was hereditary; bourgeoisie had recruitment and other natural duties); in the study period there was a significant increase in the nobility in Kursk - 5 times, and in district towns – 2.5 times; there was a significant decrease in the number of merchants in district and secondary cities; analyzing the figures statistical data, determined that the significant growth of the peasants in the cities occurred due to their inflow from the countryside, and the natural increase occurred due to the birth rate of the urban society, but could not achieve a sharp jump. In addition, the peculiarities of the formation of industry were also determined, in the city of Kursk developed the production of bricks, pottery, lime works, and, accordingly, the development of the construction industry. To achieve the goal of the study the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: method of analysis and synthesis, systematic method, formal-logical method.

the article, based on the materials of a semi-structured in-depth interview with representatives of the first Russian generation, reveals the function of family reading as a tool for forming the socio-cultural identity of the millennial generation. The cultural context of family everyday life of the post-Soviet period and the influence of reading on the value orientations and interests of children who determined their personal formation are characterized. Within the framework of the study, the practices of family reading, the filling of the home library, the joint pastime of an adult and a child, the communication space of millineals as the first Russian generation that appeared in the period 1981-2000's were identified.

the article provides a comprehensive historical and chronological study of documentary sources and a catalog of solar eclipses relating to the reign of the last kings of Lydia and Media. The analysis takes into account the region where the hostilities between King Alyattes and King Cyaxares took place and the Ancient Galis River, the modern Kyzylyrmak River in Turkey, flowed. The purpose of the study, which uses special methods of historical research, is to find the date of the total solar eclipse predicted by Thales, one of the seven wise men of Ancient Greece, and described by Herodotus in his main work «History». According to modern data of historical chronology, it is believed that the «Eclipse of Thales» occurred on July 5, 585 BC. However, historical and chronological studies and dating by the method of astronomical chronology of the works of the playwrights of Ancient Greece and subsequent dating of the «Eclipses of Thucydides» and the «Parian Chronicle» showed the error of this date of the «Eclipse of Thales». A comprehensive historical and chronological study of documentary sources made it possible to determine the true date of the «Eclipse of Thales» – July 5, 1293 AD. The dating obtained differs from the accepted one in the historical chronology, but is consistent in time and events with the datings of the «Eclipses of Thucydides», the «Parian Chronicle» and the works of ancient Greek dramaturgy received by the author earlier.

the study of the history of the development of regional book business is one of the important tasks of modern Russian historical science. Research in this area is necessary, first of all, to assess the regional publishing culture due to the fact that Siberian book publishing is an integral component of Russian culture. The article was prepared in order to determine the historical foundations of scientific research of local book publishing in the cities of Tomsk province in the late XIX – early XX century in preparation of the dissertation "Local book publishing in the cities of Tomsk province in the late XIX – early XX century" for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences. Theoretical and practical aspects of book business and book culture are reflected in many works of specialists – articles, monographs, dissertations, indexes, collections of reports and speeches at conferences, etc. The basis of the historiography of the topic under study is the publications of the State Scientific Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the State Scientific Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences) devoted to book culture and book business in Siberia. Studies reflecting the history of the development of book culture beyond the Urals are either generalizing or focused on individual cities in the region. In scientific and historical terms, the problem of book publishing and book distribution, as well as the identity of local publishers, with individual cases, is poorly studied. The analysis of the historiography of the issue of local book publishing in the cities of Tomsk province in the late XIX – early XX century reveals a research gap involving the reconstruction of the development of printing in the region – the study of both the production process and the personalities of the owners of printing houses, and their comparative analysis.