Vol 6, No 1 (2023)

the memory of the immortal feat accomplished during the deadly duel of fighters of the 35th Red Banner Fighter-anti-tank Artillery Regiment of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command of Lieutenant Colonel A.P. Surovov will forever be preserved by the height of 254.5, where the Memorial "In honor of the Heroes of the Battle of Kursk", a branch of the Belgorod State Museum of Local History, is now located. The firing position of the 3rd battery of the 35th Red Banner Fighter-anti-tank Artillery Regiment of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command of the Immortal Gunners has been preserved on the territory of the museum. The legendary message passages and dugouts will remain immortal witnesses of the heroism and unparalleled courage of the soldiers of the Red Army. Today, the firing position is a monument of federal significance on the basis of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 624 of December 4, 1974, the registration number of cultural heritage objects is 311610428380006. The selfless battles of the gunners in repelling enemy tank attacks on one of the main defense sites on the southern face of the Kursk salient contributed to its successful completion. The commanders of the batteries of the fighter regiment firmly held firing positions and competently led the battle. In the battles for the height of 254.5, soldiers, commanders and political workers of the 35th Red Banner Fighter-anti-tank Artillery Regiment of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command destroyed enemy tanks and provided reliable cover for units of the 1st Tank Army. A fighter-gunner is a special profession. During a raid by enemy aircraft, riflemen, cavalry, tankers, representatives of other branches of the armed forces can disperse, take refuge in shelters, in the folds of the terrain. The fighters, remaining in their position, fired at the enemy troops, destroyed the main driving forces, and took the brunt of the blow.

the article is devoted to the study of social differentiation of the party and economic nomenclature of the Kuybyshev region in the 50-60s of the XX century, through the prism of social dispersion on the basis of the hierarchy of the level of acquired education, as one of the main elements of the structure of the corporate organization of regional management of the above period of time. This issue under study is considered on the basis of studies of domestic historiography, as well as on the basis of digitized archival materials of the Kuibyshev region. The author considers the concept of social differentiation of party and economic personnel in the interpretations of researchers of the problems of folding the party and economic personnel of the USSR administration and socio-political history (V.N. Tomilina, N.V. Semyonova, U.I. Seresova, V.I. Glazko, Yu.I. Kazantseva, S.N. Borisova). Having reviewed and analyzed archival sources, the author of the study recorded the fact of the absence of gender discrimination based on sex. The author of the study believes that the highest coefficient of advancement along the "career ladder" in the ranks of the political nomenclature of the Kuybyshev region in the 50-60s of the 20th century was in the socio-professional environment of the party-nomenklatura management group, namely, among representatives of the regional party-economic nomenclature of the 50-60s of the XX century, possessing a higher or secondary vocational education, coupled with the completion of training in the regional Higher School of Education, being candidates for membership or current members of the CPSU.

the article deals with the causes and consequences of the Norman conquest of England. The purpose of this study is to assess the historical impact of the Norman Conquest and Duke William personally on the history and socio-economic development of England. In accordance with the stated goal, the article solves a number of tasks: to give a general description of the historical period in the life of England and Normandy at the end of the 11th century, to highlight the main reasons for the Norman conquest, to display the direct impact of expansion on the life of England, to demonstrate the mutual influence of the two cultures in the formation of the national English language. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of cultural (as well as political and social) factors of the influence of the Norman culture on the living conditions and everyday life of the English (Anglo-Saxon) society. The discursive features of the era under consideration are no less multifaceted, covering various aspects of the life of both the invaders and the people they conquered in the perspective of the traditions of two languages – Old English and Old French. In this regard, the accounting of the largest possible number of historical data, life and everyday realities also plays a decisive role. As the results of the study showed, the Norman expansion actually led to the formation of the national literary language of England, and also significantly contributed not only to the enrichment of the language and culture itself, but also optimized the entire system of English public administration and economy.

not only Orthodox church organizations, but also representatives of other religious denominations, including Roman Catholics, were involved in the process of cultural development of Siberia during the period of mass peasant migrations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Once in Siberia, due to various circumstances, Catholics actively joined the process of economic and cultural transformation of the region. Among them there were many technical specialists, engineers, skilled workers, employees who successfully worked on the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway. Farmers have proved themselves no less successful in agricultural work. During their resettlement, the authorities adhered to the principle of ethnic and confessional identity, which contributed to the preservation of their national identity and culture.

the purpose of this article is to use the separate campaign of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) example to identify the features of Western European military art at the 18th century beginning. The focus of the study is the military operations on the Danube in 1703 and their reflection in the Louis XIV, Elector Maximilian-Emmanuel of Bavaria, Marshal Villar, Margrave of Baden military correspondence. The article explores an episode of Western European military history that has not yet been reflected in Russian historiography, shows the era wars conditionality by dynastic conflicts and rivalry between the ruling European houses. During the campaign Western European military art typical features appeared, namely, the so-called "cabinet" command mechanism and control, the limited operational goals, the positional nature of the strategy, and the commitment to maneuver tactics. An increasingly prominent role in the war is played by the logistical factor: the logistics system, messages and communications, the food and fodder delivery, the troops at the expense of enemy resources supply. Against the general passivity background, as military art at the turn of the 17th - 18th centuries features, the Danube campaign of 1703 was demonstrated the decisive bold actions of Maximilian - Emmanuel and Marshal Villar. A significant shortcoming demonstrated during the campaign was the unsatisfactory command of the multinational coalition armies, which led to control disruption, operational plans collapse and was one of the causes of military failures and defeats.

this article analyzes studies on the Old Believers of Yakutia; a comparative analysis of the views on the Old Believers of representatives of the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet periods is carried out. Problems in the study of the Old Believers that are not reflected in the studies of these periods are revealed. Due to the territorial remoteness and late settlement of Yakutia, the problem of studying the Far Eastern Old Believers was not rele-vant until the beginning of the 20th century. Until that time, the Old Believers received only some mention among other residents of the Far East region in the context of general issues. The Yakut Old Believers were not of interest to researchers as a unique socio-religious phenomenon, they were considered only in the context of studying the development of agriculture in the region and in the context of the state's forced migration policy to-wards exiled peasants. The resettlement of the Old Believers to Yakutia for the development of agriculture here is considered by the authors as a new social experiment of the state, which, unfortunately, was not successful. The change in the socio-political and cultural situation in Russian society was directly reflected in the historiography of the Old Believers. The opinion of scientists studying the Old Believer history, culture and way of life changed under the influence of external circumstances and transformed from a negative one, considering the Old Believers as schismatics and apostates from the Orthodox Church, into a positive direction, recognizing the positive role of the Old Believers in preserving the Orthodox tradition, culture (including culture agriculture), language. In scientific works that tell about the Old Believers of the pre-revolutionary period, the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, it remains unknown how the church and everyday life of the Old Believers developed. There is no comprehensive approach in the scientific works that tell about the Old Believers of Yakutia. There are no works devoted to the phenomenon of modern Old Believers in this territory. The historiography of the Yakut Old Believers can only be considered according to the criterion of secularism, since only representatives of secular science paid attention to the study of the Yakut Old Believers. The authors did not find the works of Old Believer researchers.

among other documents of the personal fund of the outstanding scientist-ethnographer of the Ural-Volga region Rail Gumerovich Kuzeev (1929-2005), stored in the Scientific Archive of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the field diaries of the scientist are of great interest. They contain the results of expeditionary research of the researcher for a thirty-year period from 1952 to 1982. The diaries accumulated an information concerning ethnogenesis, ethnic history, tribal structure, land use system, customary law, the history of settlements, toponymy of the Bashkirs. A lot of interesting and valuable things can be learned from them about Bashkir economic activities and crafts, settlements, dwellings, arts and crafts, historical traditions, legends. Field diaries show that their content directly depended on the scientific tasks that the researcher set for himself. In 1953–1955, and also in 1965-1974. R.G. Kuzeev collected materials on the history of settlement, tribal composition, remnants of the patriarchal-clan way of life, tribal signs, customary law, land use system, land relations and social organization of the Bashkirs. In 1956-1961 together with colleagues from Ufa and Leningrad he joined in the collection and compilation of materials on the arts and crafts of the Bashkirs. In 1975-1982 the scientist focused his attention on a systematic and large-scale study of the Bashkir tribal signs. This article gives a description of these diaries, analyzes their value as historical sources, summarizes the results of the Institute for Ethnological Research in their archaeographic processing and preparation for publication.

during the Great Patriotic War, the country faced new, military-mobilization tasks, and the previous ones – economic, economic and socio-cultural acquired a different content and meaning. Despite the concentration of full power in the hands of specially created emergency bodies, the main burden on solving these tasks fell on the constitutional authorities – local Councils of Deputies of workers of the rear, including the South Ural region. The extraordinary conditions of the military situation: the shortage of financial resources, material and raw materials, trained managerial personnel, significantly limited the possibility of prompt and effective solutions to the problems. Much depended on how quickly and efficiently the local government authorities would be able to restructure their work and adapt it to the conditions and needs of wartime. In this article, on the example of the activities of local councils of the Southern Urals, the process of restructuring organizational forms, methods and techniques of their work is analyzed. The conclusion is made about the effectiveness, from the point of view of wartime, of the structural transformations carried out, the role of local government authorities in solving wartime tasks and achieving Victory over the enemy is shown.

at the present stage of development of the Russian Federation, legal nihilism remains one of the most important problems standing in the way of the formation of the rule of law. In this article, the authors have attempted an objective assessment of the existing ways to solve it. In order to understand how to deal with any phenomenon, it is necessary to disassemble it into its components and develop a strategy for combating it. In the process of studying the scientific and methodological literature on the problem under study, the concept, structure, and various factors of the development and formation of legal nihilism in Russia were determined. Despite the significant spread of legal nihilism in Russian society, its phenomenon has not been studied at the proper level. In recent years, only a few researchers have touched on this topic, including: N.M. Yemelyanova, A.V. Voloshenyuk and a number of others. All of the above, and caused scientific interest in the problem under study. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive chronological analysis of the activities of the Ministry of Justice, aimed at identifying effective ways to combat legal nihilism in modern Russia. Research methods. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used in the course of the research: the dialectical method, a systematic approach to the knowledge of social phenomena, the principles of historicism and objectivity.

the purpose of this article is to identify the earliest data about beliefs of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Ural-Volga region in sources of the X-XVI centuries. This allows us to solve several problems: to analyze the content of sources on the topic, to identify on the basis of the analysis some features of religions of the Mordvins, ancient Komi, Mari and Udmurts in the X-XVI centuries. The results obtained are necessary for a more comprehensive research of pre-Christian and pre-Muslim beliefs of the peoples of Russia. It is in the “Note” of the Arab diplomat Ibn Fadlan (X century) that the pagan religion of the Bashgird Turks (according to a new translation, probably originally Majgars, meaning that Ugrians) who were neighbours of one of the Finno-Ugric tribes – the Visu (Vesi), is first described. Based on a comparison of Ibn Fadlan’s data with some later ethnographic records the author of this article suggests that the belief in the Supreme Heavenly God, Gods of natural elements, honouring the totem animals and giants could be characteristic of the Mordvins, Mari and Udmurts at the beginning of the II millennium AD. Hungarian Monk Julian (XIII century) notes, perhaps, the custom of ritually killing captives among the Mordvins. The first data about the essence of religion of the ancient Komi is contained in the “Life” of Stefan of Perm (XV century.). Italian traveler I. Barbaro (XV century.) describes the horse cult among the Mordvins-Moksha. In his work A. Guagnini (the end of the XVI century) mentions for the first time that the Cheremis (Mari) were pagans. In the notes of the Englishman D. Fletcher (the end of the XVI century) there is an indication of worship of the Mordvins to the one God, as well as, at the same time, probably a description of animistic and totemic cults of the Mordvins associated with various animals (horses, dogs, cats).

in the article it is considered the main stages of the life and work of Rene of France (Ferrara), one of the key figures who influenced the formation and development of the Reformation in Italy in the 30s of the 16th century. To achieve this goal, the authors noted the features of the development of reformist thought in Italian society and analyzed the activities of the humanistic circle under the auspices of Rene in Ferrara. Transformation of her religious thought and position is pointed, and also it is noted in connection with which she could change. The marriage of René with Duke Erocle II is emphasized, and it is also the role of dynastic marriage in diplomatic relations between the Pope, the emperor and the French king. The authors reviewed and analyzed the features of Rene's relationship and interaction with J. Calvin, and his possible influence on the development of Protestantism in the regions of Italy, in particular in Ferrara. The names of prominent Italians who adopted the ideas of Protestantism are mentioned. It is concluded that Rene's activities contributed to the flourishing of the intellectual center in Ferrara, which gave shelter and support to many famous figures of French and Italian humanism and the Reformation.

the aim of the study is to analyse the perception of the cultural and historical heritage of the ancient Dacians and Illyrians in the politics of collective memories in Romania and Albania. The author analyses the role and place of ancient Dacian and Illyrian images in developments of narratives forming Romanian and Albanian memorial cultures through the prism of perception of the legacy of ancient history, imagining as national in various systems of political and ideological coordinates. The novelty of the study lies in a comparative analysis of Dacian and Illyrian images in the memorial cultures of modern societies, where the role of ethnic nationalism is more important in comparison with civic nationalism. The article analyses how the images of the great historical Dacian and Illyrian ancestors mutate in collective historical memories and memorial cultures in contexts of the parallel co-development of subcultural memories of nationalism. The article also shows that virtual spaces became important channels for the development of historical memories and memorial cultures of modern Balkan societies. It is assumed that electronic resources actualise the perception of the ancient Dacian and Illyrian heritage in the Romanian and Albanian historical politics of memories. The results of the study suggest that the confrontational model is a universal form of the modern development of the memorial culture of historical memory in modern Balkan societies, where agents of historical politics assimilated the ancient heritage, turning it into a symbolic mobilisation resource of ethnic nationalism.

the purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of the missionary work of the Brotherhood of the Holy Cross in the Nizhny Novgorod diocese in the first years of Soviet power. The novelty of the study lies in the study of the state of missionary work in the diocese in difficult conditions of 1917-1921, based on the analysis of the first published documents of the Diocesan Council. In 1917-1918, the Brotherhood of St. Cross was actually inactive, with the exception of two of its representatives. In the spring of 1919, the Brotherhood was restored as a body governing not only missionary, but also other types of educational as well as charitable activities. The author concluded that the missionary work experienced an acute shortage of personnel, especially in the field of combating sectarianism, financial resources. There were no funds for the creation of a diocesan missionary library, courses. It was established that the functioning of the Brotherhood made it difficult to have complete reporting information on the activities of missionaries. In the context of the negative attitude of the Soviet government towards the Church, local missionaries more often held private conversations than public ones, apparently not once again advertising themselves. In connection with the intensification of atheist propaganda, a new form of work appeared - the participation of Brotherhood missionaries together with Protestants in public disputes against atheist agitators. Research materials can be used in the course of studying the history of the Russian Orthodox Church.

the article is devoted to the semantics of the image of a human hand (palm) in the petroglyphs of Chechnya. The author emphasizes that the image of a hand in world rock art is very ancient and dates back to the Upper Paleolithic. Initially, the semantics of the image of a hand was associated with the category of power, possession. In addition, the images of the hand played the role of amulets that protected a person, according to the ideas of the ancients, from all evil, including the evil eye. In the medieval petroglyphs of Chechnya, the image of a hand also acquires the meaning of "God's hand", which meant the protection of a person from the Higher powers, including protection. Since ancient times, man has tried to protect his home not only from external danger, but also from hostile forces hidden in the natural elements, which always caused him fear. To do this, he used both certain technologies and sacred symbols, including the image of a hand.

ensuring national security is an important activity of the special services of any country. In various historical periods, states have sought to create structures responsible for internal security. One of the areas of state security is the fight against banditry. The end of the Great Patriotic War was a huge achievement for the Soviet people, but the country's leadership had to cope with the existence of mass banditry, especially in the western regions of the USSR. Opposition to bandit formations, basically, fell on the shoulders of employees of state security agencies. Professionals who went through the horrors of the Great Patriotic War entered a new "front" - the front of opposition to banditry, including those based on nationalist soil. The presented publication reveals the main activities of the employees of the Ministry of State Security in the fight against bandit formations. The author briefly analyzes the reasons for the appearance of banditry in the period under study, outlines the tasks facing the special service, reveals the key areas of activity for employees of the Soviet state security agencies to counter banditry. In conclusion, the results are summed up and a conclusion is made about the positive results of the activities of the employees of the Ministry of State Security, and attention is also drawn to the negative consequences of confronting banditry.