Vol 6, No 5 (2023)

the article examines the situation of female workers at enterprises in the XIX – early XX centuries in the province. The articles of magazines and newspapers, reports and instructions, as well as memoirs and letters of women are analyzed. The characteristic of the state of life and family of workers is given. The peculiarities of the social and domestic situation of women working in factories and factories are revealed. The features of labor relations in pre-revolutionary Russia are investigated. On the example of factories and factories of the Kazan province, the working conditions are studied. Such a territorial and chronological choice is due to the fact that it was during this period that the Kazan province became an important region of the economic life of the country. At this time, industry is rapidly developing, working conditions are changing very quickly. The whole social life is transformed, and with it the position of a woman in society: from a disenfranchised being who was not even paid a salary for work, in just a few decades a woman turns into an entrepreneur who can run a household alone. Women's rights to education, to work, and to participate in public life are beginning to be consolidated at the legislative level. The research materials can be useful for further in-depth study of women's rights and their role in society. In addition, they can serve for a detailed study of the history of the Kazan province, which is an important part of the Russian Empire.

in any conflict there is always an information war. Depending on the scale of the conflict, the events that took place at that moment begin to acquire sometimes contradictory data, as a result of which the veracity may be called into question. In the Afghan war, which has been going on for more than 9 years, there are also many such events that remain classified as “top secret” to this day. However, we can learn about some in documents that were declassified during the era of Perestroika, as well as during the period of post-Soviet Russia. The purpose of this study is to familiarize with the official declassified documents of the Central Committee in order to assess the coincidence of the official versions with what happened behind the scenes.

the article is devoted to the topical, from the point of view of modern conditions of development of Russian society, the problem of legislative regulation of the social security of motherhood and childhood in the USSR at the final stage of the Great Patriotic War. From a theoretical point of view, the relevance of this study is due to the insufficient level of coverage of issues in historical science. From a practical point of view, studying the experience of legislative regulation of the social security of motherhood and childhood in wartime conditions in the USSR in the first half of the 1940s will make it possible to reform the sphere of social security of motherhood and childhood in the Russian Federation at the present stage as efficiently as possible. Therefore, the author aims to analyze the main directions of legislative regulation of the social security of motherhood and childhood in the USSR at the final stage of the Great Patriotic War. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the ongoing hostilities on the territory of the USSR in 1943-1945, it was during this period that the foundations of legislative regulation of the protection and protection of the institution of motherhood and childhood were formed and developed in the Soviet state. At the same time, it should be understood that the specifics of the legislative solution of most issues of social security for motherhood and childhood during this period was determined by wartime conditions.

the article is devoted to the analysis of the possibilities of using the comparative historical method in the study of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905. and the Soviet-Japanese War of 1945 in the school history course. Both topics occupy an important place in Russian history, being in the shadow of such larger and grandiose events as the First World War or the Great Patriotic War, receive much less attention in the school curriculum and, as a result, give rise to serious problems for teachers and students, including within the framework of the Unified State Examination. The study of these topics on the basis of a comparative analysis, when high school students prepare a comparative table, analytical essays, corresponding tasks on the map, allows you to better systematize and generalize students' knowledge, understand the complex cause-and-effect relationships that led to the defeat of the Russian Empire in the war of 1904-1905, and vice versa, the victory of the USSR over Japan in 1945, contributes to the development of critical thinking among high school students, stimulating the cognitive interest of students in the study of history, and, accordingly, increasing the level of training of graduates to the exam in this subject.

the article provides a comprehensive historical and chronological study of the surviving documentary sources describing the time period from King Nabonassar of Babylon to Alexander the Great. The purpose of the study, which uses special methods of historical research, is to establish the true dating of the first year of the Nabonassar era. This era was introduced into scientific circulation by Claudius Ptolemy, who compiled the «Canon of Kings» in the treatise «Almagest», in which, in chronological order, he compared the names and years of the reign of kings, starting from the accession to the throne of Nabonassar and ending with the Roman emperor Anthony Pius. A comprehensive historical and chronological study of the surviving documentary sources made it possible to determine the true dating of the first year of the Nabonassar era, namely 1144 AD. The dating obtained differs from that accepted in modern historical chronology, but is consistent with the datings previously obtained by the author of the «first year of the Olympiad era», «Eclipse of Thales», «Parian Chronicle», «Eclipses of Thucydides». The determination of the first year of the era of Nabonassar made it possible to establish the true years of the reign of the kings mentioned in the «Canon of Kings», the dates of lunar eclipses studied in the «Almagest», the year of creation of this astronomical work, the years of the life of Claudius Ptolemy and Hipparchus, as well as the year of the introduction of a calendar system based on on the Metonic cycle. These data will help determine the dates of historical events of this and subsequent time periods in Ancient Greece, Asia Minor and Ancient Rome.

on the basis of the identified works, the ideological attitudes of the Russian Enlightenment are considered in the context of the country's historical development. In Russia, the Age of Enlightenment occupies mainly the second half of the 18th century, when the government actively contributed to the development of sciences and arts. During this period, the first Russian universities, libraries, theatre, public museums and a relatively independent press emerged. The greatest contribution to the Russian Enlightenment belongs to Catherine the Great, who, like other enlightened monarchs, played a key role in supporting the arts, sciences and education. In the 18th century in Russia, along with social and political changes, against the background of secularization, a transformation of the system of spiritual life took place. From the life of Russian society, including education and artistic creativity, the all-consuming role of the church was squeezed out. Religious dogmas were transformed into the foundations of a secular worldview, giving priority to the latter. Special attention is paid to the views of the members of the "Scientific Squad" of Peter I, in particular Antioch Kantemir, who, mastering the scientific achievements and progressive thought of Europe, made a significant contribution to the development of domestic thought. The ideological attitudes in line with the Enlightenment of V.N. Tatishchev, N.M. Karamzin and M.V. Lomonosov are singled out.

the author of the article examines the essence, political and social function of the Communist Youth Union in the Soviet Union, forming the features of the functioning of the youth organization through the prism of the political, socio-cultural and economic processes that took place in the history of the socialist state. The study pays great attention to the historical and political analysis of the changes in the ideological and political orientations of the Komsomol in the period 1960-1980. This period is taken as the basis of the study for the reason that it is characterized as a period of stagnation, that is, within which a negative aspect to the economic, political and social policy of the Soviet Union is traced. Using the example of dynamically changing political orientations in the ideological basis of the Communist Youth Union and the changing approach to the role of this youth organization, it seems possible to reflect the parallel processes of degradation of the political and social system of the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1980s, which was also reflected in the formalization and bureaucratization of the activities of the Komsomol. According to the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in the period 1960-1980 the strengthening of the crisis aspects of the development of the socialist state and society is noted, which is reflected in the crisis of the ideology of the Soviet Union. Such ideologization, combined with the progressive democratization of public administration and public institutions, led the process of communist education within the framework of the activities of organizations and representative offices of the Komsomol into formal work, which was reflected in the weakening of the role of the Komsomol in the education of youth in the time period under study.

the article is devoted to the process of the origin of the phenomenon, later called Russophobia. Its history began with the rejection by Western Christianity of the Orthodox version of Byzantium, with the rejection of the Slavic language as a church language. The main reason was the blocking role of first Byzantium, and then Kievan Rus in relation to the expansion of Catholicism. Over time, the tools of the West expanded, economic restrictions appeared, acts of aggression were organized, offensive diplomacy was actively used.

as an important part of a nation's soft power, analytical centers play important roles in the development of modern national governance systems and the construction of capacity for governance. The new analytical centers in China has been ongoing for ten years. One of the important directions of university-affiliated think tanks is to build internationalized think tanks in the future in reaction to the trend of globalization of research centers. In recent years, the relationship between China and Central Asian countries has achieved great development, and the cooperation mechanism being set up between them has provided broader space for their intercultural cooperation. With a new development environment in the post-pandemic era, strengthening cooperation among university-affiliated analytical centers under the SCO framework will enhance their voice in international community, promote the development of the SCO region and build a closer community with a shared future. Taking the cooperation projects between Shanghai University of Political Science and Law and universities of Central Asian countries as an example, this paper tries to explore the feasibility of jointly construction of research centers between universities in China and Central Asian countries. Conformed to the current trend of internationalization, the cooperation will achieve mutual benefit and win-win results. With policy support from all parties and the platform foundation of relevant organizations, universities with a good foundation of international cooperation have broad prospects and development space for the jointly construction of research centers.

the problem of deviant behavior of people in different historical periods attracts the attention of numerous researchers. Of particular interest was such a form of deviant behavior as hooliganism, which was studied by both domestic and foreign specialists. In the 1920s – 1930s, the problem of hooliganism in the Soviet Union became threatening. Due to the lack of clear criteria, the interpretation of this offense could change, and various criminal acts fell under the definitions of hooliganism. In the 1920s, the term «political hooliganism» was increasingly used. The research task is to determine the criteria of political hooliganism. The article analyzes offenses that fall under the definitions of political hooliganism on the basis of archival materials that are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Having considered some types of political hooliganism, the author came to the conclusion that there were no clear criteria for this offense, similar to simple hooliganism. This made it possible for law enforcement authorities to interpret many illegal acts as political and, as a result, apply a tougher punishment for the offense committed. The practical significance lies in the fact that the materials obtained in the course of the research can be used by historians studying the topic of deviant behavior and are in demand by modern educational practice.

the article analyzes the proposals made in 1579 by the German Heinrich von Staden, in the recent past an oprichnik, to the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. As a result, the foreign policy doctrine on the subordination of the Russian state to Western Europe was actually outlined. In addition to the general goal of seizing the territory and resources of Russia, specific plans were proposed concerning the forces and means necessary for this, the direction of military operations, ways to pacify the population and attitudes towards Orthodoxy in order to eliminate its influence. If the combined plan was successful, the doctrine assumed further movement to Persia, the Turkish Empire and even to America.

the article examines the processes of evolution of the political sentiments of the Russian military in Helsingfors, the main base of the Baltic Fleet using the prism of their radicalization. Based on materials from Russian and Finnish periodicals, personal and office sources, the author analyses the motives of radicalization, as well as its forms. As a result, a conclusion about the formation of an informal “left bloc” in the capital of Finland during June 1917 is drawn. Its appearance was due to the intensification of disputes over the continuation of the war, as well as the position of officers. Such cooperation for the Baltic region was the exception rather than the rule during this period. It was connected both with the arrival of P.P. Proshyan and A.M. Ustinov, very active and authoritative Socialist-Revolutionary Internationalists, in Helsingfors and with the formation of anarchist groups. Relations within the informal coalition developed differently. If the Helsingfors Bolsheviks provided organizational support to the internationalist Socialist Revolutionaries, the Bolsheviks tried to use the speeches of the anarchist representatives to increase their influence, without declaring an official alliance with them. The formation of the radical left bloc was manifested in the joint propaganda efforts of radical left movements (Bolsheviks, Socialist Revolutionary Internationalists, anarchists), participation in socio-political events, and mutual support of demands. The most vivid and public joint actions were realized at the demonstration on June 18 and at the rally on June 21, 1917. Subsequently, the unity of left-radical groups was manifested in the final organizational split of the local department of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the creation of a separate left-wing Socialist Revolutionary newspaper called “Socialist-Revolutionary”. The presence of such support became an important condition for the Bolsheviks to maintain their positions in Helsingfors and Finland in general after the resolution of the July political crisis.

the purpose of this historical and ethnological study is to consider the quantitative composition of the Mescheryak (Mishar) cantons in 1798-1865 (the cantonal period of government). The tendencies of the state policy that influenced not only the migration of Mishars from the Middle Volga region to the Southern Urals, but also the principles of the organization of their service in the region, the peculiarities of the formation of the numerical composition of the Meshcheryak cantons are revealed. In his research, the author relied on political and legal, statistical, archival materials, census data and the works of scientists of the XVIII-XXI centuries. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the dynamics of the number of South Ural service Mishars (Mescheryaks) is considered in relation to the peculiarities of their military service status, as well as specific historical factors. As a result of the conducted research, it is concluded that it was belonging to a military service corporation, the presence of military service status, with its inherent privileges, that contributed to the steady growth in the number of Mishars.

the article examines the changes in the life world of children and adolescents within the militarized space. The everyday practices of this social category seem to be the least studied in the historical literature. On the basis of newspaper publications, the issues of children's participation in labor, free time, children's leisure practices, assistance to the front, hospitals, military families are studied. The changes that have occurred in the daily life of children and adolescents in extreme and extreme conditions of wartime are analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion about the increasing role of the school in wartime, in the conditions of militarization of society, the range of social roles of the younger generation has expanded, the daily life of children and adolescents, their social roles have changed significantly, when, in addition to the main role of the student, they began to play the role of a home front worker, defender of the Fatherland.

the object of the study is the history of the exploitation of cryogenic resources: snow, ice, permafrost, and, in general, the cold climate by economic entities of Yakutia during the Soviet period. The goal is to determine the main factors that influenced the scale and direction of their use in Yakutia. In this regard, it has been established that the position of cryogenic resources in the socio-economic life of the region has undergone significant changes. The main factors that determined these changes were the implementation of collectivization and settlement policies in rural areas, as well as the active industrial development of Yakutia. In particular, the concentration of the population in regional centers and central estates of state farms developed. Industrial development facilities, primarily related to the mining industry, as well as transport infrastructure facilities: airfields, sea and river ports, highways, were actively put into operation. It was noted that the transformations that occurred were multidirectional. On the one hand, the period under review was characterized by a significant sequestration of traditional practices in the exploitation of cryogenic resources, on the other hand, by an increase in the scale of application of some of them, putting their use on a scientific footing, as well as the implementation of new relevant solutions.