Vol 9, No 1 (2026)

the article is devoted to the study of the causes of the Napoleonic Wars in the school history course based on the use of cartographic material, which allows students to visualize complex cause-and-effect relationships at the profile level of studying the school history course or as part of elective courses in preparing schoolchildren for the BSE or USE. The author presents possible analyses, based on a historical map, of the causes of the Napoleonic Wars, including the conquest plans of France and Napoleon, the circumstances of the intense Anglo-French confrontation, and the reactionary policies and expansionist ambitions of European monarchies – Austria, Prussia, and the Russian Empire – whose interests, in the final stages of this era, coincided with the goals of the popular anti-French liberation movement, leading to the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire. In conclusion, the author makes a well-founded conclusion about the potential use of cartographic material for reinforcing, summarizing, and reviewing educational material on the history of the Napoleonic Wars using a problem-based learning method – as an important condition for the development of students’ analytical thinking.

during the Great Patriotic War, the priority of defense production led to a reduction in the volume and deterioration in the quality of consumer goods. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was responsible for organizing the production of consumer goods. The purpose of the article is to analyze the management decisions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR under the leadership of A. N. Kosygin in 1943-1945, aimed at stabilizing and developing the production of consumer goods. The main source for the research were unpublished archival documents of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, studied by the method of source analysis. The article shows that measures were taken to standardize and institutionalize quality control, personify responsibility, review the assortment and involve local raw materials and the cooperative sector. The results of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR resulted in a noticeable expansion of output and a partial improvement in the quality of consumer goods.

the research relevance is due to the issues of gender equality, human rights and the role of religious norms in the modern society of Islamic states. The research goal is to identify and systematize the main stages of changing the legal status of women in the Islamic world. The following tasks were solved in the study: the pre-Islamic period and the influence of Islam on the legal status of women were studied; the evolution of legal norms relating to women in different historical epochs of Islamic civilization was analyzed; The impact of modernization on the legal status of women in Islamic countries is studied. In the research the methods of historical analysis were applied, including comparative-legal, historical-genetic and historical methods. As a conclusion, we can state that legal status of women in Islamic countries has undergone significant changes throughout history, which were due to both internal socio-political factors and external influences.

this article examines the history of the great exodus of the Kalmyk people from the Russian Empire to China in 1771 (known in historiography as the "Torgut Escape" or "Dusty March"), as it relates to the needs of a school history course in Russian history. The authors believe this topic is relevant for fostering a tolerant and respectful attitude toward all peoples of our multinational state. The authors focus on analyzing the cause-and-effect relationships that led to the tragic migration of the Kalmyk-Torguts to their historical homeland—the Qing Empire. In conclusion, using the tragic consequences of the Kalmyk people's exodus from Russia as an example, the authors draw a well-founded conclusion about the danger of radical utopias in the area of ​​national relations: despite enormous sacrifices, hopes for the revival of the Oirat state on the site of the former Dzungar Khanate proved illusory. The Kalmyks were forced to accept Chinese citizenship, and in the Russian Federation, the Kalmyk people currently enjoy far greater administrative and cultural autonomy than the descendants of the Torghuts in the modern Chinese province of Xinjiang.

the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the legal regulation of religious life in Russia during the XVIII-XX centuries. The relevance of the study of the legal regulation of religious life in Russia during the XVIII-XX centuries is due to the need for a deep understanding of the historical experience of interaction between the state and religious institutions. The study covers two fundamentally different models of state-confessional relations: imperial and Soviet. The scientific article notes that in the Russian Empire, starting with Peter the Great's reforms, a system developed in which the Orthodox Church became the official ideological pillar of the autocracy and was integrated into the state apparatus. At the same time, the status of non-religious confessions within the hierarchical confessional structure was regulated by law, and freedom of religion was gradually expanded. The author notes that during the Soviet period, a radically different model was proclaimed: the separation of church and state, which in practice transformed into a policy of state atheism and persecution of religious organizations. It is noted that despite the constitutional consolidation of freedom of conscience, in the USSR it was declarative in nature. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the fundamental differences, both models demonstrate significant state attention to the regulation of the religious sphere, which has an impact on the modern confessional policy of the Russian Federation.

the article is dedicated to women who worked and studied at the Harbin Institute of Technology. Their role in the development of the economy, science and culture of China, Russia and other countries where they lived is noted. The article is written with the use of Russian and Chinese publications, as well as the printed organ of graduates of HPI «Polytechnic» (Australia), and «On the scabs of Manchuria» (Novosibirsk). The publication highlights the biographies of prominent Russian women studying and working in HPI, now scattered all over the world.

the article discusses the reviews preserved in the archive of the outstanding Russian ethnologist Rail Gumerovich Kuzeev. A total of 36 documents are listed, preserved in the archive of the Institute of Ethnological Research. Of these, 26 documents belong to R.G. Kuzeev personally. The rest of the documents belong to other authors. These are reviews written by K.P. Kalinovskaya, E.I. Kychanov, R.A. Yusupov and F.G. Garipova, V.A. Ivanov, T.G. Minniyakhmetova, V.F. Gening, Y.E. Vodarsky, F.A. Shakurova, N.V. Bikbulatov on various works of interest to R.G. Kuzeev. The documents of R.G. Kuzeev are divided into two groups. The first group includes documents that are the conclusions of the supervisor on the course (1 document) and diploma (6 documents) works of students. The second group includes reviews of candidate (3 documents) and doctoral (9 documents) dissertations, abstracts (1 document), monographs (4 documents), articles (1 document) and chapters (1 document) in monographs. The reviewed works are devoted to the issues of ethnogenesis, ethnic history, material and spiritual culture of various peoples, source studies and historiography. Reviews indicate that R.G. Kuzeev, in addition to scientific and organizational activities, was actively engaged in teaching, supervised course and diploma works of students, trained a large number of candidates and doctors of science, acted as an official opponent at the defense of candidate and doctoral dissertations in ethnography (ethnology) and archeology, wrote reviews of essays, monographs, articles and chapters in monographs. Reviews of the monographs have been partially published. The rest of the documents were not intended for publication, but they are of great research interest, testifying to the formation of the scientific school of R.G. Kuzeev, its correlation with other scientific schools. In view of the fact that the volume of the article does not allow to characterize in detail any of the listed documents, the author raises the question of the need to introduce unpublished reviews of R.G. Kuzeev into scientific circulation.

the article is devoted to an analysis of the political aspects of the Reformation in Europe and the role of Joachim II of Brandenburg in the confessional and state-legal processes of the mid-16th century. It examines the reasons for the support of the Reformation by various estates and princes, including monarchs’ aspirations to centralize power, the secularization of church lands, and the limitation of papal influence. Special attention is given to the political dynamics within the Holy Roman Empire, where the interests of Emperor Charles V, the papacy, and the Protestant princes came into direct conflict. The article analyzes Joachim II’s diplomatic activity, his attempts to preserve religious balance, his mediation between Catholics and Protestants, his participation in shaping compromise solutions (the Augsburg Interim, the Leipzig Interim), as well as his efforts to strengthen the position of the House of Hohenzollern. The study demonstrates that the rule of Joachim II became an example of political maneuvering among dynastic interests, religious convictions, and the need to maintain stability amid profound confessional transformations.

the writing of the article is caused by the need to introduce into scientific circulation the facts reflected in the "Summary of intelligence information on the Irkutsk provincial Gendarme Department for December 1914". This document is in the archive of the Cultural Center of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Irkutsk region, which is why access to it is limited. Previously, the data from the "Summary of intelligence information on the Irkutsk Provincial Gendarme Department for December 1914" had not been published. The article discusses issues related to the performance of police functions in the field of railway protection, with the involvement of forces and means of other law enforcement agencies in ensuring the safe operation of the Russian Railway in the Siberian and Trans-Baikal sections. The role of the ethnic criminal group in the organization and conduct of criminal acts in the considered sites is revealed.

based on a significant number of material sources stored in the CHU "Ethnographic Museum of Yukhnovgrad" and field expeditions of authors to the Khvastovichi district of the Kaluga Region, the article examines the traditional women's clothing complex of the village of Boyanovichi, briefly described by the outstanding ethnographer N.I. Lebedeva in 1925-1926. The authors investigated in detail and identified a number of features of the manufacture and existence of S. Boyanovichi's costume, which was facilitated by the analysis of a unique visual source found - the documentary film "In Bryansk Polesie" (1931). The article provides historical information indicating the 500-year history of the village and its surrounding settlements. The structure of the traditional women's clothing complex of this village is described in detail, the classification of each costume item is given, and the method of wearing is indicated. Excerpts of interviews with old-timers and sketches of the main costume items are given. It has been established that the traditional costume of Boyanovichi village, according to a number of features identified by the authors, can be attributed to the oldest costume of the South Russian cultural area, which retained its existence until the first third of the 20th century.

the article analyzes the transformation of traditional village festivals (fêtes patronales, fêtes votives, fêtes de la moisson) in France during the Vichy regime (1940-1944) as a reflection of the clash between the ideological project of the National Revolution and the reality of occupation and popular resistance. Based on archival documents (prefectural reports, circulars), memoirs, and ethnographic sources, the author reconstructs the evolution of the holiday: from a tool for promoting "Travail, Famille, Patrie" (with rituals of veneration of Pétain, "purification" of folklore, and food discipline) to a space for hidden protest (symbolic sabotage, musical rebellion, and gender empowerment of women). Special attention is paid to the crisis of 1943-1944, when the militarized "harvest festivals" failed and were replaced by anti-Vichy demonstrations. Conclusion: The holiday became an act of cultural sovereignty that undermined the regime's authority and laid the foundation for post-war identity. This study contributes to the microhistory of the occupation by highlighting the role of everyday practices in resisting totalitarianism.

the purpose of the article is to analyze Victorian medievalism as a form of historical escapism and hidden protest against the socio-cultural realities of the 19th century. The objectives of the article include examining escapism as a socio-cultural phenomenon; identifying the factors of interest in medieval themes, primarily industrialization; defining the program of "escapist protest"; analyzing the representation of these processes in Victorian literature and other forms of culture, with an emphasis on literature. It is shown that turning to the Middle Ages reflected the desire to search for alternative models of society based on harmony, spirituality, moralism, and paternalistic protection. The key factors that generated interest in medieval themes, primarily industrialization, are analyzed. It is emphasized that medievalism functioned not only as a cultural movement, but also as an instrument of protest against industrial modernity. The program of "escapist protest" is revealed. Victorian medievalism emerges as an important component of 19th-century political and cultural discourse, enabling us to explore the relationship between aesthetics, protest, and escapism. The practical significance of this article lies in the potential application of its findings to the analysis of contemporary forms of cultural escapism as indicators of social tension. The findings can also be used in educational programs, cultural policy, and interdisciplinary research at the intersection of history, psychology, and sociology.

the article examines the process of cultural development and appropriation of urban space using the example of the centuries-old transformation of the Haymarket in Kazan from the XVIII to the beginning of the XX century. Based on a comprehensive analysis of archival materials, historiographical data and urban planning documents, the key stages of the territory's evolution are reconstructed: from the officially established Russian shopping plaza within the framework of the regular plan of 1768 to the formation of the central socio-cultural and economic enclave of the Tatar community. The methodological basis of the work consists of a socio-cultural approach, methods of historical reconstruction and spatial analysis. The study reveals in detail the mechanisms of "cultural colonization", understood as a non-conflict process of peaceful appropriation of space through the establishment of its own economic practices, religious institutions and architectural forms. It is concluded that the profound transformation of the Haymarket was the result of a synergy of economic activity (especially in the livestock trade), religious consolidation around mosques and mahallas, as well as the steady demographic growth of the Tatar population. This process led to the formation of a unique multifunctional center that combined commercial, social and symbolic functions, which clearly reflects the complex dynamics of ethnocultural interactions and integration in the history of a multiethnic Russian city.

this article is devoted to the process of formation of the international legal regime for the protection of the UNESCO World Heritage Site «The Old City of Jerusalem and its walls». The aim of the authors was to study this process, as well as the factors influencing the preservation of the monument at the present time. The authors explore the problem within the framework of constructivism using the method of historical re-examination, as well as qualitative analysis of official documents of the United Nations, UNESCO, scientific articles and monographs of domestic and foreign authors. The article defines the historical, cultural and religious value of Jerusalem for the whole world. The article examines the international decisions taken by the United Nations regarding the city in the 20th century; the process of including the site in the UNESCO World Heritage List; the international political consequences of this decision caused by the conflict of interests of Israel, Palestine and Jordan in relation to the Old City; the actions of countries and organizations as a manifestation of the problem of politicization of the protection of World Heritage sites. The article also defines the consequences of the politicization process for the preservation of the monument in the future. The results of the research can be used for initial familiarization with the problem, as well as in the framework of research on UNESCO's interaction with the countries of the Middle East.

this study analyzes the development of information assets and the procedure for publishing materials in periodicals of the statistical agencies of the Steppe Region from 1870 to 1917. Based on archival documents and previously published sources, the mechanism for collecting and disseminating statistical data through official overview digests of the time is revealed. During this time period, statistical committees played a key role in systematizing and disseminating regional content. Their primary function was to collect, process, and present up-to-date information on socioeconomic, demographic, and cultural processes in their respective territories. The committees' work was aimed at forming a comprehensive picture of the development of the steppe regions through statistical data, which were subsequently published in local newspapers and magazines, becoming an important source of knowledge for researchers and the public. Since 1870, statistical digests have been printed, significantly expanding their distribution and accessibility. The Central Statistical Committee developed a methodological document - the Program of Provincial Statistical Committees – which became a key guideline for the creation of analytical reviews.

this article analyzes modern approaches to the restoration and conservation of architectural monuments in Russia and abroad. It examines the principles of digitally capturing cultural heritage using 3D scanning, photogrammetry, and HBIM (Historic Building Information Modeling) technology. Innovative materials used for strengthening structures and cleaning surfaces, as well as methods for preserving wooden architecture, are discussed. A comparison of domestic and international restoration practices is provided, identifying their specific features and common trends. Particular attention is paid to the philosophical and cultural aspect – the role of architectural memory in shaping the historical identity of society.

the article analyzes the impact of the territorial dispute over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands on the course and humanitarian consequences of the 1982 war, viewed not only as a local military-political conflict but also as a sociocultural phenomenon that constructs the national identities of the United Kingdom and Argentina. The purpose of the study is to identify how different models of understanding sovereignty, historical justice, and the right to self-determination shape the strategies of political elites, public attitudes, and the long-term effects of the “Falklands syndrome.” The empirical base consists of government documents, diplomatic notes, political speeches, materials from the British and Argentine press, works of popular culture, as well as sociological survey data reflecting the perception of the war in the post-conflict period. The methodological toolkit includes critical discourse analysis, methods of historical sociology and political anthropology, phenomenological and hermeneutical analysis, comparative-historical and systemic approaches, content analysis, and elements of symbolic interactionism, which together allow for the reconstruction of the conflict in its semantic and value dimensions. It is shown that the naming of the archipelago and the competing British and Argentine narratives of sovereignty define incompatible ontological models, within which the territory is conceived either as a space for the exercise of citizens’ rights or as a sacralized fragment of the national body subject to “return” regardless of the will of the population. The analysis of sociocultural codes demonstrates the complete incommunicability of the images of “self” and “other,” reinforced by media practices of constructing the enemy and glorifying one’s own actions. It is established that the short-term military outcomes (Britain’s victory and Argentina’s defeat) fundamentally diverge from the long-term humanitarian consequences: the British victory contributes to the temporary consolidation and revitalization of post-imperial identity, while Argentina’s defeat initiates processes of democratization but simultaneously entrenches the “Malvinas question” as a traumatic core of collective memory.

the purpose of this article is to analyze the experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the preservation and management of cultural heritage in the context of the challenges of the 21st century, on the basis of the UNESCO World Heritage property “The City of Bam and its Cultural Landscape” as a case study. The research draws on the nomination materials, decisions of the World Heritage Committee, official reports of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, ICOMOS evaluations and reports of the advisory body’s monitoring missions, periodic reporting and the State of Conservation report submitted to UNESCO by the State Party, regulatory documents of the Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, as well as the results of field-based observations and a comparative analysis of the restoration programmes implemented after the devastating 2003 earthquake. The article outlines the main stages of developing and implementing a comprehensive management model for the Bam cultural landscape, including restoration activities, the establishment of protective zones, the improvement of legal and regulatory frameworks, and the involvement of local communities in decision-making processes. Particular attention is given to the influence of international cooperation and the mechanisms of the List of World Heritage in Danger on shaping contemporary Iranian preservation practices. The analysis demonstrates that the case of Bam has become a key example of integrating scientific approaches, traditional earthen construction technologies, and international standards of heritage management. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the specific features of the Iranian model for the preservation of earthen historical and cultural complexes and assessing its effectiveness within the context of global trends in cultural heritage protection.

the article examines the participation of the famous Austrian politician J. Durich's role in the events of the Russian Civil War. The author focuses on the activities of J. Durich and Russia and the pro-monarchist consolidating body created with his participation. Based on a recently introduced array of scientific documents, the author analyzes the activities of the organization and comes to the conclusion that it and its leader have become the object of information harassment by the Emergency Situations Ministry. In addition to creating a negative information field that split the national movement in Russia, the key external event was the fall of the monarchy and, as a result, the strengthening of the position of supporters of the republic. The role of Y. Durich and his supporters in the Czech and Slovak national movement are in the final stages overshadowed by supporters of the first president of Czechoslovakia.

the article examines the process of transformation of trade unions in the USSR in the period 1989-1990 and the creation of a national trade union center – the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia. Based on documents and transcripts of meetings of collegial governing bodies, a comparative analysis of the statutory norms of Soviet and post-Soviet trade unions, opinions expressed when making managerial decisions and the consequences of these decisions, the author concludes that the creation of the FITUR was one of the results of the process of decentralization of union governing bodies, deprivation of their powers and consolidated resources. According to the author, the organizational and managerial form chosen at the foundation of the FNPR had a negative impact on the ability of trade unions to subsequently defend the interests of workers during the radical economic and political reforms of the 90s. The subsequent history of the FITUR, including the present stage, is largely related to attempts to move away from the format of the organization that was chosen when it was founded.