Vol 7, No 3 (2024)

this article is devoted to the study of the process of origin and formation of the Moscow Art Theater – the first, publicly accessible, reasonable, moral, with a high educational mission. The history of the Russian state, on the eve of the first Russian revolution of 1905, appears as a single process in which, along with social, economic, and political transformations, issues related to the development of the culture of the Russian Empire of this period are visible. The work analyzes the participation of the theatrical-progressive intelligentsia against the backdrop of the country's internal problems at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention is focused on the production of the historical play by A.K. Tolstoy "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich". Under the conditions of the reactionary policies of tsarism, theater becomes the only means of communication between the advanced thinking intelligentsia and the masses. In the post-reform period, at the beginning of the 20th century, native Russian drama and literature began to dominate. All the intense ideological, political, moral, ideological struggle of the theatrical intelligentsia is illuminated in objective historical positions on the eve of the greatest revolutionary coup. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th, theaters of various artistic directions were created, but it was the Moscow Art Theater that became a creative organism and determined the vector of the direction of art in the Russian Empire.

the article examines the staffing of law enforcement agencies by the example of the Kaluga province in the first half of the 1920s. The issues of hiring new employees and the main motives for leaving the service are considered. The article also discusses the issue of malfeasance. Statistical data on employee salaries and social composition are provided.

this article is devoted to the coverage of the implementation of the fight against misappropriation of socialist property, bribery and speculation in the early 1980s based on the materials of the Smolensk region. The authors of the work introduce archival materials from the funds of the Smolensk Regional Party Committee in the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Smolensk Region (hereinafter referred to as GANISO). On the basis of archival data, the authors identify the miscalculations and shortcomings that existed in the Soviet system, Examples of theft of socialist property are given. The article concludes that in the early 1980s, numerous negative facts of mismanagement, irresponsibility of enterprise management, mistakes in planning and implementation of planned tasks, which subsequently led to a systemic crisis, not only the economy of the Smolensk region, but also the entire USSR, were accumulating in the region.

the article studies the process of cultural institutionalization of the US Mountain Jews diaspora on the example of the New York Community. An important place in the article is occupied by the activities of these organizations to popularize the Mountain-Jewish, and in general Caucasian, culture. This includes various events, holidays, festivals, "Community Days", which are actively supported and funded by local authorities, in this case, the administration of New York City. The Diaspora of Mountain Jews in the United States was created and began to organize on the basis of two large waves of emigration: the first wave of emigration in the 1970s, the second wave in the 1990s-2000s. The community was created from immigrants from the territory of the Soviet Union, and after the disintegration of the USSR - mainly from the territory of the Russian Federation, in particular from the Republic of Dagestan, and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Often the cultural institutionalization of Mountain Jewish diasporas around the world is closely connected with the religious one. The community always sets as its paramount and most important task the opening of a synagogue, and it is from this that cultural activities begin. In the absence of financial and material resources, it was the synagogue that initially played the role of a cultural center. Subsequently, the first cultural center opens under it, and only with the passage of time, through further consolidation of the human and material resources of the diaspora, other institutions and institutions open.

the purpose of this article is to study the activities of entrepreneur Alexander Fedorovich Philippeus in the Far East, to assess his place and role in ensuring the vital activity of the northern regions of the region. The article traces the activities of A.F. Philippeus from the moment of his arrival in the region to the completion of his case. It is noted that for two decades, from the late 60s to the late 80s of the XIX century, this entrepreneur assumed the main responsibility of supplying residents of the northern remote territories of the Russian Far East with necessary goods. It was he who, with the help of a state subsidy, organized a steamship service, transportation of passengers, cargo and mail between Vladivostok, Korsakov port and northern settlements. The article emphasizes that the nature of A.F. Philippeus' business was influenced by extraordinary abilities, good knowledge of the northern regions of the Russian Far East, as well as personality traits such as thoroughness, responsibility, and indifference to the needs and requirements of the population of the regions supplied by him. At the same time, the author notes that the activities of A.F. Philippeus, as befits an entrepreneur, was distinguished by pragmatism, a desire to receive profits and preferences from the government. The article also focuses on the fact that his activities were associated with foreign firms, primarily with the American company Walsh & Co.

photography in the period from the XIX to the XX centuries occupied an important place in ethnographic science. A certain number of ethnographic photographs related to the Bashkir people are stored in various library, archival and museum collections. Not only in the last century, but also at the present time, ethnographic photography is often used as an illustrative material. However, the analysis of the photographs in this article, based on the collection of a separate museum, shows that they served to document modernity and reflected historical reality. In this case, ethnographic photography is an independent type of historical source in the study of the Bashkir people and requires systematization, development of methods of interpretation, as well as research of techniques and canons, thanks to which it is possible to visualize the specifics of the Bashkir people during the fixation of modern ethnographic expeditions.

the first half of the 1920s was characterized by the end of the civil war and intervention, and the implementation of a new economic policy by the young Soviet state. At this time, society is experiencing a general economic decline, the functioning of railways is disrupted, and agriculture is in deep crisis. All this leads to an increase in crime, which is both individual and group, organized in nature. The population of Kaluga province has more than learned what a tense criminal situation is. An effective tool for combating criminal acts was the workers' and peasants' militia, which monitored order directly on the streets, as well as its component - the criminal investigation department, which, thanks to operational methods of work, helped to prevent many crimes and uncover those already committed. At this difficult time in all aspects, the formation of a larger state – the USSR - is taking place. Post-revolutionary chaos is being replaced by centralization and strengthening of the state apparatus, which in turn affects both public life in general and law enforcement agencies in particular. A full-fledged codified legislation is emerging. The purpose of the presented article is to analyze the state of crime and display the activities of law enforcement agencies to combat it in the 1920s in the Kaluga province based on the involvement of a corpus of regulatory, statistical and office materials. Among the objectives of the study is to determine the nature of crime; the study of the types of crimes committed; the display of the effectiveness of the work of law enforcement agencies of the Kaluga province in the period under study. The authors conclude that with the improvement of the law enforcement system as a whole and the acquisition of the necessary experience by employees of the Kaluga provincial police, as well as the improvement of operational methods of criminal investigation, the effectiveness of combating crime in the region increased.

understanding and adaptation of historical experience helps to avoid mistakes and negative trends that are characteristic of the evolutionary processes of development of civil society when perceiving and implementing various models of government during the functioning of jury courts from 1864 to 1917 in the Volga regions, where these courts were introduced into the legal system of the period under review.

the totality of the problems analyzed in the article related to the genesis of ancient and medieval ethnicity and the history of the Kumyk statehood has not been the subject of special consideration yet. In this regard, this study is only a brief outline of it in terms of posing the question. Various aspects of the ethnogenesis and history of the Kumyks are particularly difficult, due to the area of their historically primary residence – the Western Caspian Sea and the Eastern Caucasus. A number of ancient and medieval Turkic state formations were represented in this region, the most famous of which are the Khazar Khaganate and the Golden Horde. The main problem of this study is mainly related to their history. The article can be used in educational and research activities.

the article examines the development of down knitting craft in the republic, highlights its regional features. The purpose of the study is to summarize historical, ethnographic and folklore materials supplemented by field notes of the authors, as well as to consider the current state of down knitting in the Republic of Bashkortostan, taking into account its originality and ethnocultural traditions. The conducted research allowed us to suggest that knitting shawls from goat down was one of the oldest traditional crafts of the Bashkirs, a unique artistic phenomenon organically woven into the life support system of the people. Nowadays, Bashkiria is actively working to popularize down knitting and preserve it at all levels. The Republican Folk Art Center plays an important role in this, actively interacting with municipal authorities, scientific and public organizations.

in this article, we aim to analyze the relations between Portugal and Spain in a more specific context of the Ibero-American space, taking into account the evolution of their respective foreign policy perspectives and priorities, paying more attention to Portuguese foreign policy. Finally, we present some promising scenarios, taking into account certain variables that together can lead to real opportunities for improvement in the field of cooperation between the parties.

the paper analyzes the concept of “public opinion” in the historical context both on the eve and at the beginning of the First World War. An assessment is given of how the process of transformation of British public opinion took place during the period we are studying. The media played one of the key roles in forming a negative attitude towards Germans living in the UK and towards Germany as a whole. The main means of fueling anti–German sentiments was the published information about German spies operating in the UK, and after the outbreak of the war – the possible landing of Germans in the UK.

the article focuses on the analysis of the publicist M.N. Katkov's attitude towards the «Finnish question» through the prism of his socio-political views. Finnish people themes have never been a central theme of Mikhail Katkov's journalism. This part of his journalistic heritage can and should be considered only in unity with his position towards other national suburbs of Russia. M.N. Katkov denied equal state, political and religious rights of Finns as the Russian people and the Orthodox Church, explaining that the Russian state should be Russian, the Russian language should prevail In Russia, the Orthodox Church be the leading religion. In this regard, Katkov criticized the Russian government for inconsistency in Russification and assimilation of Finland. In 1883–1886, the main part of Katkov's publications concerned the protection of the home market from the import of goods through Finland. The practical significance of the work is characterized by the fact that its results may be of interest from the empirical side for historians and modern public figures in the context of complicated relations with Finland.

the article discusses issues related to the unification of Germany and the expansion of NATO to the East in the late 80s – early 90s. The author, based on the analysis of domestic and foreign sources, identifies the factors that turned out to be decisive in these processes. A special place in the work is given to the coverage of the activities of representatives of the highest authorities of the USSR directly involved in these events. Applying the comparative method of research, the author substantiates that the unilateral concessions made by the Soviet side during negotiations with the West on arms reduction, the haphazard withdrawal of troops and military equipment from Eastern European states, the verbal promises of Western leaders not to advance the armed forces of the North Atlantic Alliance to the borders of the Soviet Union, accepted by the highest political leadership on faith, have become a real foreign policy They failed and caused irreparable damage to the state interests of the country. The author believes that all these poorly thought-out actions were the result of the incompetence of Mikhail Gorbachev and his inner circle. The conclusion of the work presents conclusions, the key of which is that the ongoing third wave of expansion of the military bloc after the formation of a single German state with attempts to involve a state bordering Russia – Ukraine – in it may turn into unpredictable consequences for humanity.

the article examines the participation of scientific and technical intelligentsia in the work of military-industrial committees, in particular, the Departments of Inventions of the capital committees, and their assistance to military invention. The rich archival material shows the contribution of Russian scientists and engineers to the development of the defense industry, to the creation of new sectors of the Russian economy. The article lists significant scientific discoveries in the field of chemistry, medicine, and military equipment made with the assistance of military-industrial committees. The work of the country's first All-Russian Congress on Inventions is highlighted, where for the first time the issues of organizing inventions at the state level were resolved.