Vol 7, No 1 (2024)

the article conducts a comprehensive historical and chronological study of surviving documentary sources describing historical events that took place in Ancient Egypt during the period from the capture of Troy to the Scythian invasion. The purpose of the study, which uses special methods of historical research, is to establish the true dating of the period of construction on the Giza plateau of the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Mikerin, one of the most ancient religious buildings of Ancient Egypt and the entire human civilization. One of the first European historians, the question of the chronology of the construction of these greatest architectural monuments of Ancient Egypt was studied by Eusebius of Caesarea. He, having studied the written evidence of Ancient Egyptian historians and priests, in particular Manetho, placed, in accordance with the time scale, in his work «Chronology» the rulers of the Memphis dynasty of Ancient Egypt, under which the famous pyramids in Giza were built in the 4th dynasty. Most modern chronologists studying the history of Ancient Egypt, despite the existing disagreements, agree that this grandiose complex of funerary structures was erected in the Old Kingdom during the reign of the kings of the IV-VI dynasties, namely between the XXVI and XXIII centuries BC. A comprehensive historical and chronological study of surviving documentary sources made it possible to determine the reliable period of time for the construction of the famous pyramids on the Giza plateau in Ancient Egypt. The construction of these funerary and religious objects for the pharaohs Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure was carried out between 1197 and 1260 AD. The resulting dating differs significantly from that accepted in the official historical chronology of Ancient Egypt, but corresponds in time to the datings of the «Parian Chronicle», «Eclipse of Thales», «Taking of Troy» and «Era of Nabonassar» obtained in the author’s previous studies. The resulting dating will make it possible to clarify chronological data on historical events that took place in Ancient Egypt, Assyria and Babylon.

the article deals with the problem of moral and psychological preparedness of young people to the conditions of a market economy in multiethnic Bashkortostan. It is established that the majority of young people associated one of the difficulties of the current situation with adaptation to a market economy. It was revealed that when assessing the current situation by young people, the main indicator of "living well" meant, first of all, the moral aspect. Half of the young people, regardless of ethnicity, associated family values as the main criterion for assessing the "good life". It is revealed that a certain part of the youth is oriented to work honestly to improve their well-being and living standards. It is established that it is more typical for young people to feel free. Despite the fact that a significant part of young people look to the future with hope and optimism, there is also a group of young people who assessed the current situation more pragmatically, saying that they look to their future calmly, without much hope and illusions.

the article is devoted to the study of the formation of the customs policy of the state in the south of the Russian Far East in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, depending on the socio-economic situation in the region. It is noted that the introduction of porto-franco here in the middle of the XIX century. It was a necessary and forced measure, since there was no regular transport connection with the central part of the country, the delivery of goods by land through Siberia was a labor-intensive and unprofitable business, and Russian entrepreneurs did not have enough capital to organize trade in such a remote region from the center of the country. The article traces how, with the development of the region, the increase in the population here, the emergence of transport opportunities for communication between the south of the Far East and the central part of Russia, the policy of the authorities on the issue of portofranco changed. It is emphasized that the issue of possible changes in customs policy in the region has been carefully studied by the authorities and widely discussed in the business environment. The author notes that the solution of the issue of porto-franco at different times was primarily considered by the authorities from the point of view of expediency and usefulness for the development of the region and the support of the population of the region.

the article examines the main directions and forms of activity of Soviet specialists at the People's University of the People's Republic of China. The significance of the work of Soviet specialists for the development of the People's University of the People's Republic of China is determined. It was revealed that after the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the question of carrying out reforms and creating a strong socialist state arose. It is noted that China chose a policy of “one-way bias”, which meant establishing strong ties with the Soviet Union and building a similar model of state and political structure. It was revealed that one of the many forms of assistance was the sending of a large number of specialists who provided assistance in various spheres of state construction: industry, economics, military affairs, etc. It was noted that the field of higher education also did not go without the attention of Soviet experts, since the young developing socialist the state needed numerous and well-trained personnel. It has been determined that one of the most important activities of Soviet specialists in the field of higher education in China was participation in the creation of the People's University - a pilot project in the field of higher education in the PRC, which embodied many Soviet practices and principles of organizing higher education. It was concluded that during their activities (from 1950 to 1957), Soviet specialists played a key role in the creation of the People's University, in the development of its educational, scientific and administrative structure, in the training of qualified teaching staff and the creation of teaching aids. It is noted that thanks to Soviet experts, this university has become one of the leading educational institutions in China in the field of socio-political disciplines, the status of the People's University was recognized and secured at the state level.

the article reveals the state internal policy of the Russian Empire on the rehabilitation of soldiers during the First World War using state-owned resorts. For the first time, the role of the Ministry of Trade and Industry in charge of them and the main aspects touched upon at the interdepartmental Meeting chaired by the Minister in Pyatigorsk (from November 29 to December 8, 1914) in solving wartime priorities is investigated on the example of one of the major resorts – Caucasian Mineral Waters. This Meeting had the functions of an organizational and administrative body, was of a mobilization nature, influenced the operational course of the reorganization of resorts subordinate to the Ministry in the interests of the country's defense. The study prepares for the perception of the period following it – the deployment of the All-Russian hospital base on the basis of state resorts. For the first time, internal reserves are determined to take emergency measures to expand the possibilities of receiving, treating and improving the conditions of sick and wounded soldiers sent from the front by the 1915 season.. The transformation of the health resort's activity from a seasonal cycle of work to a year-round one is analyzed; the increase in the capacity of the resort is due to the construction of light barracks with heating; the introduction of two mud baths; two-shift work. The study makes up for a poorly studied aspect in the history of Russia during the First World War about the role of central government bodies in organizing a rehabilitation base for sick and wounded soldiers at state-owned resorts. It is proved that without the organizational role of the ministry in charge of state-owned resorts, the issues of expanding the possibilities of delivery, reception, rehabilitation and service in general could hardly be solved. The results of the analysis of the organization of the resort business by the central authorities served as an experience in other conditions during the Great Patriotic War and other military conflicts. It has an enduring significance in modern times.

the article discusses the prospects for researching the history of ancient cemeteries in the south of the Russian Far East, both urban and rural. The necropolis is a multi-layered historical and cultural monument capable of revealing in detail the features and specifics of the social order in which it was created. In our case, we are talking mainly about the burials of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries and about the burial places of the Soviet period. Burial complexes, burial methods, the style of memorial tombstones, territorial distribution in the space of a city or village, eminent residents buried in graveyards, the preservation and destruction of cemeteries are the main components of research interest. The cemeteries have been studied in detail by archaeologists. The necropolises of the last few centuries have been studied by non-archaeological methods. The range of objects of interest includes both completely and partially lost cemeteries, the reconstruction of the history of which is possible according to written archival sources, sometimes by visual inspection. The interdisciplinary nature of the problem under consideration, including cultural, legal, urban planning, philosophical and other aspects, is emphasized. The chosen topic has not only scientific, but also social significance, since the desire to preserve the lost graveyards attracts various specialists and activists of public associations. The contours of further research in this area are outlined. Necropolis studies, a scientific discipline at the intersection of history, local history and other sciences, quite new to modern Russian historiography as a whole, is currently relevant and promising in relation to the study of various cemeteries in the region, diverse in confessional, status, architectural and planning composition.

the topic of the relationship between the Russian Empire and the Kazakh steppe throughout the 20th – early 21st centuries remained one of the priorities in historical research. This problem remains relevant today. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was the peasantry in various aspects that remained the main colonizing element for the Russian Empire. The Russian state entrusted the resettlement movement with solving the most important geopolitical, economic, and national problems. The process of organizing resettlement in the Semipalatinsk region was a rather complex system in which all administrative and economic units are integrated: the resettlement process, medical and veterinary care, agronomic development, sociocultural adaptation of settlers and their financial support. The resettlement business was determined by a number of works: the activities of land allotment parties and the formation of resettlement areas through land surveying, issues of a socio-economic nature, and the settlement of problems of relations between the local population and settlers. Beginning in 1906, the Semipalatinsk region was allocated as a separate resettlement area. The functionality and powers of the resettlement party were expanded, new tasks were outlined in terms of organizing the resettlement of peasants. The developed mechanisms of the central authorities on resettlement issues contributed to the peaceful process of this policy on the territory of steppe Kazakhstan.

the article analyzes the indicators of industrial injuries at industrial enterprises of the St. Petersburg province at the beginning of the twentieth century, considers measures to reduce the level of industrial injuries. The research is mainly based on archival materials. The purpose of the study is to study the history of industrial injuries in the early twentieth century based on materials from the St. Petersburg province. The choice of territorial boundaries is due to the fact that St. Petersburg, which is part of it, was one of the most developed industrial regions of Russia. The article shows the features of statistical accounting of industrial injury rates in the early twentieth century. In the course of the study, it was found that the owners of enterprises did not take special measures to reduce industrial injuries, and the issue of labor protection was almost completely resolved at the state level. n this regard, the development of the legislative framework in the field of labor protection was studied in conjunction with the development of the regulatory framework for social insurance of workers, primarily against industrial accidents. This article will be useful to researchers of the situation of workers in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century.

despite all the knowledge of Russian Pravda, a number of concepts and phenomena of everyday life in Ancient Rus' presented in it can be classified as misunderstood or inaccurately interpreted. In particular, there are quite a lot of controversial issues when considering the composition of the Old Russian population. This article examines only one group mentioned in Russian Pravda – outcasts. The generally accepted interpretation suggests that this group meant the local population expelled from the community. Such an assumption conflicts with the legal status that Russian Truth gives to outcasts. Outcasts, based on the very concept, should have limited rights. However, Russian Truth gives them the full rights of a free person. This article suggests that the outcasts in Russian Pravda meant the Varangian mercenaries who appeared in Russian chronicles in 1015-1016. It was with the events of this time that researchers linked the appearance of the insertion in Article 1 of the Russian Truth about outcasts. Scandinavian sagas describe the Varangians who entered the service of Yaroslav the Wise as exiles from their country. In their former places of residence they were deprived of all rights, which exactly corresponds to the position of outcasts. In Rus', Scandinavian outcasts, thanks to the interest of the princely authorities in them, received equal rights with the free population. Along with outcasts, the Russian Pravda also mentions the Varangians, by whom they meant not exiled warriors, but merchants who ran trading posts in Novgorod. This is indirectly indicated by the mention of the Varangians in the articles of Russkaya Pravda together with the kolbyags.

the author analyses the cult of saints in the development of Islam in Indonesia. The methodological basis of the article is interdisciplinary concepts, including “imagination of communities” and “invention of traditions”. The results of the development of social and cultural anthropology are also used by the author in the article. It is assumed that 1) the genesis of the cult of saints in the history of the Indonesian Ummah was the result of the activities of preachers and other activists of Islam, 2) the historical dynamics of the cult of saints history in Indonesia actualized the contradictions between the development of Muslim religiosity and secularization, 3) social and cultural dynamics, processes of modernization and secularization influence significantly the development of the cult of saints in modern Islam in Indonesia. The author of the article shows that the history of the cult of saints in Indonesia actualized the contradictions of the Muslim Ummah in the context of the co-development of “high” (“scholarly”) and “low” (“folk”) Islam.

the article attempts to analyze the formation of state social policy and its implementation in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug during the years of its active oil and gas development. It examines the work of social security departments in the field of material and household supplies for socially vulnerable segments of the population of the autonomous okrug. The author shows the process of providing its citizens with services aimed at improving their housing and communal conditions, medical care and food supplies, noting both the positive and negative sides of its implementation. Methods: logical, historicism, objectivity, analysis, synthesis, historical-comparative, ideographic, typologization, periodization. Conclusions: the analysis of the material and household provision of socially vulnerable segments of the population of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug during the study period indicates that the social security system of the region as a whole provided solutions to problems by making pension payments, providing benefits, improving housing and living conditions and employment.

the article considers the key periods of the national historiography of the history of the study of children's sanitation in St. Petersburg in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The author traces the main trends in the study of this topic at the corresponding historical stages – pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet (modern). Besides, the characteristic of periods of development, peculiarities and specificity of scientific works is given, as well as the tendencies peculiar to the study of sanitary business are singled out. In pre-revolutionary historiography, the conditions and factors of the formation and development of sanitation were studied. The reasons for considering child sanitation as a separate system were highlighted. Attention was paid to the environment that surrounded the child both at home and in the walls of the school. Attention was paid to the physical health of the pupil, the organization and implementation of various health saving measures. Soviet historical science paid attention to the socio-class aspects, so the studies paid much attention to the families of the working population. In addition, researchers are interested in the development of school hygiene. In the Soviet historiography, historians sought a multifactorial analysis of the development of children's sanitation in St. Petersburg in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The author highlights and characterizes the main works on the topic under study. The main reasons for the unsatisfactory situation in the capital during the period under study are considered in the article. In the conclusion the researcher concludes that the history of children's sanitation in St. Petersburg in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries is not sufficiently studied and needs to develop many historical aspects related to the study of children's sanitation.

the article examines the main aspects of the process aimed at the settlement and stabilization of the Syrian issue, identifies the interests of the parties to the conflict, and also defines the methods of analysis in the settlement of various political conflicts. Tracing the dynamics of the conflict, based on the assessments and forecasts of Russian and Western expert communities, it can be assumed that the settlement process in Syria is ideological in nature, which to some extent complicates the analysis of the conflict in an objective form. The role of Russia and its diplomatic initiatives on the issue under consideration are considered by the author as peacekeeping initiatives, since in essence the Russian Federation stands for political solutions to the conflict in accordance with all norms of international law, and Russia's activities in the Syrian Arab Republic aimed at consolidating peace and stabilizing the situation are also outlined. The structural and functional method was used to identify the causes of the conflict, as well as its structures, which were the basis for starting the settlement process and searching for optimal solutions. In addition, a comparative historical method was used on the example of the Geneva and Astana formats to analyze political events. The materials for the article were interviews of participants, reports, some journalistic investigations, as well as statements by officials from the countries participating in the settlement process.

this scientific article provides an overview of the research of the War of the Spanish Succession, which took place in the period 1701-1713. The author analyzes various sources and scientific works on this conflict, as well as archival materials, archaeological finds and periodicals. The article describes the causes and course of the war, its consequences and its impact on the political map of Europe. The War of the Spanish Succession was a Spanish dynastic conflict that began after the childless death of King Charles II of Spain. The throne of Spain belonged to Philip V of Bourbon, the grandson of Louis XIV of France, but the fear of many European powers of a dynastic alliance between France and Spain forced them to support Archduke Charles of Austria in his claims to the Spanish throne. The dynastic conflict turned into a fierce international war that forever decided the fate of the whole of Europe. This conflict marked the end of Spain's position as a hegemonic power in Europe, and it has since become a second-class power. The succession conflict also escalated into a real civil war between the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, which led to the loss of the historical Aragonese and Catalan fueros. The research was conducted using an interdisciplinary approach that combines historical, political, military and socio-cultural analysis, which makes this article a valuable resource for researchers, students and anyone interested in military history. Finally, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the studies of the War of the Spanish Succession of 1701-1713, presents various points of view and analyzes a wide range of materials. This contributes to a better understanding of the events of this period and leaves questions for future research.

after the Russians appeared in Xinjiang, they developed close interaction with representatives of other nationalities living in Xinjiang. Through a long-term process of cultural exchange, other local ethnic groups in Xinjiang have absorbed Russian culture to varying degrees. Russian language, literature, art, food, clothing, architecture, etc. had a significant influence on local cultures, as a result of which representatives of other nationalities incorporated some elements of Russian culture into their own traditional cultures. As a result, a unique cultural phenomenon was formed. This article mainly analyzes the influence of Russian language and culture on the languages and cultures of local other nationalities in Xinjiang, revealing the diversity of local national languages and cultures in Xinjiang due to the influence of historical development.