Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology
ISSN (print): 1816-9775, ISSN (online): 2541-8971
Founder: Saratov State University
Editor-in-Chief: Goryacheva Irina Yurievna, Doctor of Chemistry. sciences, professor
Frequency / Access: 4 issues per year / Open
Included in: Higher Attestation Commission List, RISC
The certificate of registration of mass media: PI № FS77-76649 of 26 August, 2019.
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Aims @ Scope. The main aim of the journal is reflection of modern trends in the complex development of chemistry, ecology and biology, their interpenetration and joint development. The journal publishes the results of original research, short messages on current topics, reviews and mini reviews
The objectives of the journal:
familiarization of the Russian and international scientific community with priority fundamental works, as well as works of a practical orientation;
presentation of methodological and practical works in modern breakthrough areas of research;
creation of an information environment for the development of innovative areas of science, a platform for testing the results of young scientists and scientific schools.
The Journal is intended for researchers, teachers and postgraduate students.
Topics of the journal:
chemistry, including analytical, organic, physical chemistry;
physico-chemical biology, including biophysics (biological sciences);
general biology, including botany, zoology, entomology, ecology (biological sciences).
Languages of publications - Russian, English.
Previously published materials and materials submitted for publication in other journals will not be accepted.
Articles should be in agreement with Notes for Authors of the journal.
The manuscripts received by the editorial office are reviewed (see Manuscripts Review Procedure), then the editorial board takes the decision on the publication of the article in the journal.
Edição corrente
Volume 24, Nº 3 (2024)
Chemistry
Electrochemical synthesis of substituted 2-amino-4H-chromen-3-carbonitrides based on cross-conjugated dienone derivatives of cyclohexane and malononitrile
Resumo
The relevance of research in the fi eld of chemistry of compounds of a number of 2-aminochromen(pyran)-3-carbonitrile is due to their practical signifi cance and numerous transformation possibilities. Over the past two decades, there has been a dynamic development of the electrochemical synthesis of compounds of this series, which is determined by the possibility of eliminating expensive or toxic reagents, conducting reactions at normal temperatures and pressure in electrolyzers of a fairly simple design and other advantages. Based on the effi ciency and environmental friendliness of this method, we have for the fi rst time synthesized 2-aminotetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles based on available cross-conjugated dienone derivatives of cyclohexane series and malononitrile under electrolysis conditions (platinum cathode, graphite anode, KBr electrolyte, 80% EtOH). The control over the course of the reaction and the electrochemical behavior of all components has been carried out using cyclic voltammetry. The analysis of the voltammograms made it possible to establish the direct activation of the methylene component at the cathode with the formation of the anion - CH(CN)2. A comparison of the electrochemical synthesis of chromencarbonitriles with the chemical one indicates a signifi cant advantage of electrosynthesis due to the exclusion of a toxic organic catalyst, reduction of reaction time with good yields of products, as well as the possibility of monitoring reactions using cyclic voltammetry, dispersion of products.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):240-248
240-248
The synthesis of 5-amino-3-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitriles based on hydrazines and benzhydrazides under ultrasonic activation conditions
Resumo
Pyrazoles containing amino and carbonitrile groups have a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and are used to create pesticides and dyes. Also, these compounds are synthons for the preparation of various polyheterocyclic compounds. New potentially biologically active 5-amino-3-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitriles containing pharmacophoric substituents have been obtained via three-component condensation reactions of malonic dinitrile with substituted aromatic aldehydes and benzhydrazides or hydrazines. This work considers the limits of applicability of hydrazines and hydrazides as weak nucleophiles in similar processes. The described target compounds have been synthesized using the «green chemistry» approach under ultrasonic activation in water or a mixture of water and isopropyl alcohol in the presence of triethylamine as base catalyst. The applicability of this environmentally friendly, economical and efficient approach for the synthesis of nitrogen-unsubstituted (7, 8) and N-aryl- (4, 6) or N-aroyl-substituted (1–3) pyrazole-4-carbonitriles has been demonstrated. The target pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (2) is formed and Schiff base (2’) is released as a by-product in the reaction of the weak binucleophile 3-nitrobenzhydrazide with 4-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and malonic dinitrile. Step-by-step syntheses have shown that the initial reaction of a three-component interaction can be either croton condensation or the formation of a Schiff base. In any case, during subsequent heterocyclization, unstable substituted pyrazolines are formed, which aromatize to the target pyrazoles in the presence of atmospheric oxygen under synthesis conditions. The composition and structure of the products have been confirmed by elemental analysis, NMR 1H, 13C spectroscopy, HSQC, and HMBC heteronuclear correlations.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):249-261
249-261
The effect of cetylamine on the absorption spectra and protolytic properties of lumogallion and magnezon HS
Resumo
The interaction of monoazo compounds lumogallion (LG) and magnezon HS (MHS) with cetylamine (CA) in a wide pH range has been studied using a spectrophotometric method.It has been shown that the formation of ionic associates of CA under the interaction of its cation with sulfo group of azo compounds in the pH range 1–4 does not change the electronic absorption spectra of the azodyes. The interaction of CA at dissociated OH groups conjugated with the π-system of the azo compounds leads to a bathochromic shift in the maximum of the absorption spectrum of the corresponding ionic form of the reagents by 15 and 30 nm for the doubly and triply charged forms of LG, respectively, and by 50 nm for the doubly charged form of MHS. The shift in the maximum of the absorption spectrum is accompanied by the shift in the apparent pK value of the reagents by 2–4 pH units, caused by the binding of the dissociated form of the reagents. The reason for these changes in the absorption spectra and protolytic properties of both reagents is the formation of hydrophobically hydrated ionic associates of azo compounds with the cetylamine cation.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):262-270
262-270
The identification of cephalosporins antibiotics using IR spectroscopy and chemometric algorithms
Resumo
The use of mid-fi eld infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometric algorithms for the identifi cation of cephalosporin antibiotics in the form of injectable powders is demonstrated. III generation cephalosporins have been selected as objects of the study: ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, which are widely used in pharmaceutical practice. IR spectra of the medical preparations have been recorded using an FT-801 Fourier transform IR spectrometer with an attenuated total refl ection (ATR) attachment. The results have been processed in the Microsoft Excel computer package with the XLSTAT add-in using the principal component analysis (PCA), the k-means method and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AНC). It has been shown that using these algorithms it is possible to identify the studied cephalosporin antibiotics from diff erent manufacturers. In the PCA method, points corresponding to samples are located in separate quadrants depending on the nature of the antibiotic. The k-means method has been used to divide antibiotics into classes; diff erences are also visible in the classes themselves, depending on the manufacturer. The clearest separation of cephalosporins is observed when data are presented using the AHC method in the form of a dendrogram.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):271-281
271-281
Modification of solid-phase polymeric surface by means of grafting of acrylic monomers
Resumo
Graft copolymerization onto a solid polymer surface is an eff ective tool for its modifi cation. A large number of works have been published and require systematization. A search and review of English-language scientifi c literature devoted to the graft copolymerization of acrylic monomers onto a polymeric solid-phase surface have been carried out. Grafting onto plates and fi lms, as well as fi bers and colloidal particles, is considered. It has been revealed that the most popular substrates for graft copolymerization are, besides polyethylene, propylene and polyethylene terephthalate; polyurethanes, polyfl uoroethylenes, rubbers, etc. Graft polymerization mainly proceeds on amorphous areas of the substrate and does not destroy the crystalline phase. It is possible to use the methods of controlled radical polymerization (ATRP, RAFT). Of the acrylic monomers, acrylic and methacrylic acids, glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate, and others have been used, while the main method has been UV photopolymerization with an initiator–benzophenone. Of the three aliphatic ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl propyl ketone), acetone has been the best solvent. Cophotoinitiators have been also used (a synergistic eff ect was observed), corona discharge, gamma radiation (60Co), ozone and plasma treatment, and a supercritical CO2 medium. The degree of grafting has been controlled by changing the soaking time in the monomer, pressure, concentration of monomer and initiator in the liquid phase, reaction temperature and reaction time. A new technology of graft polymerization with photopatterning has also been proposed. Problems of graft polymerization in terms of surface modifi cation of polymer materials (hydrophilization of the surface, improving paintability and wettability, enhancing adhesion to certain surfaces, biocompatibility) are touched upon, and possible areas of their application are outlined.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):282-291
282-291
Biology
Density of scots pine seedlings in pine forests under the influence of emissions from the Karabash copper smelter and forest fi res
Resumo
We assessed the features of natural pine regeneration in forests with diff erent ages of ground fi res in the Southern Urals depending on the level of heavy metal pollution. Using the materials obtained from 81 sample plots laid in maturing, mature and over-mature pine forests of natural origin in three types of forest growth conditions (TFGC 1 – TFGC 3), the relationship between the density of pine seedlings and the state of forest stands (crown density, stand age, vital status index), with the characteristics of vegetation condition (total number of species, total projective cover of herb-shrub layer, projective cover of bryophytes layer), with external infl uences (pollution level, distance from emission source, duration of fi re disturbance), and with the methodological features of the study (accounting year) was analyzed. The high variability of estimates of the density of pine seedlings did not allow us to identify the relationship between the density of seedlings and the level of pollution and/or fi re disturbances. The density of seedlings is nonlinearly related to the protective cover of the herb-shrub layer. With increasing coverage of the herb-shrub layer, the density of seedlings increased in areas with high levels of pollution and decreased in areas with background pollution.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):292-301
292-301
Features of development of generative structures of some fl owering plants
Resumo
The paper presents the results of a comparative study of the reproductive biology of a number of Crimean fl ora species and valuable plants introduced to the south of Russia belonging to various families (Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Ericaceae, Campanulaceae, Anacardiaceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Davidiaceae, Nyssaceae, Onagraceae, Papaveraceae), which made it possible to establish some features and regularities in the formation of the generative structures of the reproductive system, consisting in the conjugation of the development of male and female elements, the maturation of sexual gametes and the process of pollination in entomophilous plants. A conclusion was drawn concerning the high reproductive potential of the studied species, which is expressed in the formation of a suffi cient number of full-fl edged seeds to reproduce. The possibilities of using the knowledge of the reproductive processes of fl owering plants in solving certain issues of taxonomy, determining the strategy of reproduction and conservation of phytodiversity, and showing the importance of antecological aspects in plant reproduction, breeding and nature protection were demonstrated. The material is of scientifi c interest to botanists, ecologists, breeders and other specialists.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):302-314
302-314
The variety of shapes perianth leafl et of Colchicum laetum L., C. ancyrense B. L. Burtt and C. bulbocodium var. versicolor (Ker Gawl.) K. Perss
Resumo
The objects of the study were C. laetum L., C. ancyrense B. L. Burtt and C. bulbocodium var. versicolor (Ker Gawl.) K. Pers. The variability of the shape of the bends of the sepals was studied by geometric morphometry. In each of the 30 populations located on the territory of European Russia, 30 samples were examined. To visualize the initial data, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify patterns of variability in the shape of the bends of the perianth leafl ets. Only C. bulbocodium subsp. are relatively well separated from each other on this basis. versicolor and C. ancyrense, while C. laetum is not separated from either species due to a much larger amplitude of polymorphism. Such spatial distribution of morphological parameters in the studied species may be associated with the infl uence of biogeographic factors.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):315-320
315-320
The adaptive potential of durum wheat varieties of Saratov breeding in the conditions of the Lower Volga region
Resumo
The objects of the study were plants of 14 varieties of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. A structural analysis of the productivity elements of plants cultivated in the fi eld in 2020, 2021 and 2023 was carried out. The varietal features of the formation of productivity elements of durum wheat varieties of Saratov breeding in diff erent meteorological conditions are revealed. Based on the peculiarities of the formation of the main elements of ear productivity, varieties with a balanced type of morphogenetic systems have been identifi ed. In 2020, the variety with a balanced type of morphogenetic systems in terms of ear productivity elements – the number of spikelets, the number of grains and their weight is the Luch 25 variety, in 2021 – Nikolasha and Zolotaya Volna. In the conditions of 2023, balanced varieties were not found for all elements of ear productivity – the number of cones, the number of grains and their weight. Balanced varieties were determined according to two productivity elements: Nikolasha and Zolotaya Volna varieties are balanced in terms of the number of spikelets and the weight of the grain, the Lilac variety is balanced in terms of the number of grains and the weight of the grain. The values of the breeding indices – Mexican, Canadian, and the index of linear ear density – were determined. A variety was identifi ed in which the values of the breeding indices for the entire period of the study were unchanged – the Saratov 40 variety of the Mexican index. The Elizabethan variety among all 14 varieties is characterized by the minimum values of the linear density index of the ear for three years.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):321-327
321-327
Ecology
The role of unequilibrium dynamics of the number and genetic structure of populations in interspecifi c interactions of the russet (Spermophilus major Pall.) and the speckled (Spermophilus suslicus Güld.) ground squirrels in a wide zone of sympatry
Resumo
The dynamics of the number and genetic structure of populations is one of the leading factors determining the success of the existence of populations in time and space. Based on observations (changes in numbers) and molecular genetic analysis data (CR and cyt b), the dynamics of the demographic and genetic structure of the populations of russet (Spermophilus major Pall.) and speckled (S. suslicus Güld.) ground squirrels in the sympatry zone were studied. A similar cyclical nature of the temporal dynamics of the genetic structure of populations in both sympatric species is shown.In the russet ground squirrel, a more ecologically plastic species and prone to migratory activity, population genetic processes occur on a large scale.The explosive demographic situation associated with the passage of populations through the “bottleneck” state is one of the factors leading to interspecific hybridization.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):328-333
328-333
Biotesting of melamine using a multi-component test system
Resumo
In recent decades, halogen-containing fl ame retardants have been gradually replaced by safer fl ame retardants, including nitrogen-containing compounds. However, their ecotoxicity is poorly studied. The ecotoxicity of melamine, a widely used nitrogen fl ame retardant, at concentrations equal to MPC in water (4 mg/L), 5 MPC (20 mg/L) and 10 MPC (40 mg/L) was assessed in this study using a complex of test organisms. The assessment of ecotoxicity using the dehydrogenase activity of Dietzia maris AM3 as a test microorganism revealed a stimulating eff ect of melamine at a concentration equivalent to the MPC; concentrations of 5 and 10 MPC inhibited the activity of dehydrogenases by 19.3% and 10.5%, respectively, indicating low toxicity. No toxic eff ects were observed on protococcal algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijer at any of the tested concentrations. The eff ect of melamine solutions on the mortality of crustaceans Daphnia magna Straus was noted only at a concentration of 10 MPC, and the mortality rate was 25%. Lemna growth inhibition test showed that melamine at concentrations equal to the MPC and 5 MPC had an inhibitory effect on the growth of Lemna minor L. It also caused a significant decrease (by 47–52%) in the total chlorophyll content in fronds when exposed to all studied concentrations of melamine.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):334-341
334-341
Potential bioclimatic range of Ephedra distachya L
Resumo
The paper presents modern data on the distribution of Ephedra distachya L. an attempt was made to model the bioclimatic range of the species using the maximum entropy method and compare the obtained data with the range defi ned in the report «Flora of the USSR», taking into account additions from the monographs «Flora of the European Part of the USSR» and «Geography of Trees plants of the USSR». MaxEnt modeling of the potential range of E. distachya was carried out on the basis of the herbarium collections of Saratov State University (SARAT), the GBIF database and the Plantarium electronic atlas. A total of 6973 species location points were used. In accordance with the obtained bioclimatic model, in the modern climate the most favorable conditions for the existence of the species are on the coasts of the Black, Azov, Marmara, Mediterranean and Caspian Seas, in the territories of the former AzSSR, Ukrainian SSR and Georgian SSR. In the RSFSR (modern Russian Federation), the species is optimally located in the Volga, North Caucasus and Southern federal districts. A sharp narrowing of the potential range is observed in the Ural and Central Federal Districts of the Russian Federation, as well as in the territories of the former TurSSR and KazSSR. The accuracy of the model is confi rmed by the high AUC (Area Under Curve) score, which is 0.933 for training data and 0.930 for test data. Climatic parameters have been established that infl uence the distribution of the species, in which its existence is optimal. The greatest contribution to the construction of the model after permutation was made by isothermality (32%), average annual temperature (23.1%), average monthly daily temperature amplitude (12.4%), as well as the maximum temperature of the warmest month (11.6%). A correlation analysis of the parameters that made the greatest contribution after permutation was carried out. When estimating the error using the jackknife method, a variable (average annual temperature) was obtained that contains the most information that is not in other variables; the exclusion of this variable leads to deterioration of the model.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):342-351
342-351
Fauna and biotope distribution of mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from nest of the sand martin (Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758)) in the territory of the Saratov oblast
Resumo
The basis for the article was entomological collections from the nests of the sand martins (Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758)) collected in the Saratov oblast in 2019–2022. A total of 12 colonies were examined in the Voskresensky, Krasnoarmeysky, Lysogorsky, Rivne, Engelssky and Khvalynsky districts of the Saratov oblast, as well as in the city of Saratov. Gamasid mites were collected using a Tullgren funnel for two to three hours and then identifi ed. In each of the studied colonies, a soil section was laid and its morphological description was carried out. As a result of studies of the fauna of gamasid mites in nests, 21 species from 10 families were identifi ed (Laelapidae, Haemogamasidae, Ascidae, Ologamasidae, Ameroseiidae, Dermanyssidae, Macrochelidae, Melicharidae, Pachylaelapidae, Rhodacaridae). The largest numbers and species diversity are characterized by colonies located in residual carbonate chernozem on limestone (12 species, 6719 specimens), the smallest in a colony located in dark chestnut soil on sand (3 species, 339 specimens). The dominant group consists of 3 species: Androlaelaps casalis (Berlese, 1887) – ectoparasite, obligate nest-dwelling mites, Stratiolaelaps miles (Berlese, 1892) and Hypoaspisella lubrica (Oudemans & Voigts, 1904) – free-living gamasid mites, facultative nest-dwelling mites
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2024;24(3):352-360
352-360