Volume 62, Nº 6 (2019)

The relationship between several structural parameters and vitrinite reflectance (ranged from 0.72 to 2.14) of coal samples was analyzed with infrared and Raman spectrum, consequently important information of functional groups and molecular structures of samples were obtained. It is indicated in the results that the value of FC increases with the increasing of R₀, while the value of f_a increases with the increasing of R₀ in three independent ranges but decreases sharply at the junctions between regions. Besides, the overall trend of DOC is increasing, while the value of A(CH₂)/A(CH₃) decreases before the point of R₀ = 2.0 and then increases after this value. The value of “C” decreases and the rate of decreasing is gradually decreased. All above variations are attributed to the defunctionalization of oxygen-containing functional groups during coalification. Meanwhile, the difference between peak position of D and G increases with the increasing of R₀ while the value of A_D1/A_G decreases, which is due to the decline in heterocycle compounds and disorder carbon and the increasing size of microcrystallite structure namely the effect of graphitization.

The influence of the pulp density and the consumption of collection agent, frothing agent, and air on the flotation of coal fines at OAO MMK-Ugol is studied by means of a factorial experiment. First-order regression equations are derived. The response functions selected are the extraction of flammable mass in the concentrate; and the selectivity of the process, includes miscellaneous flotation characteristics. These equations permit the prediction of flotation outcomes.

The formation of the combustion flame in the heating channels of coke batteries is considered. The changes in the flame configuration when water vapor is supplied to the heating channels are described. The associated formation and collapse of water-vapor bubbles disrupts the continuity of the medium, resulting in instantaneous interruption of the flame. Such discontinuity is known as pulsating combustion. As a result, the flame is extended, and the temperature distribution over the height of the coke chamber becomes more uniform. By adjusting the quantity of water vapor supplied, the degree of pulsation and hence the flame height may be regulated. In addition, the supply of water vapor to the heating channels is accompanied by decrease in the content of incomplete-combustion products such as oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide.

Carbon sorbents are obtained from Kuznetsk Basin coal by alkali activation. Their porous structure is established, and their sorptional activity in the extraction of organic pollutants and petroleum products is determined. The porous structure and sorptional activity of the sorbents are found to be correlated with the metamorphic stage of the initial coal. The most effective sorbents are produsced from subbituminous (D) and high volatile bituminous (G) coals. They prove effective in the removal of benzene and carbon tetrachloride from the gas phase; and in the removal of phenol and chloroform from aqueous solutions. In terms of the static capacity for phenol and chloroform, the coal derivatives match industrial sorbents.

Chromatography and mass spectrometry are used to investigate the chemical composition of industrial light fuel-oil fractions from tar produced by the semicoking of kukersite shale in a Koviter gas generator and a Petroter system based on solid fuel. The content of groups and types of compounds in the samples are compared. The approximate composition of the Petroter-1, Kiviter, and Petroter-3 fractions, respectively, is 42, 43, and 50% hydrocarbons; 40, 41, and 46% oxygen compounds; 7.5, 6.7, and 2.3% sulfur-bearing compounds; and 4.2, 4.9, and 1.5% nitrogen-bearing compounds. By compounding, these fractions are used to produce popular secondary shale oils of grades VKG light and VKG sweet. The shale oils contain less than 0.8% sulfur and have a low pour point (below –17°C). Commercial heating oils perform well in blends with oil-based marine fuels.

An algorithm is proposed for determining the target development scenario for an industrial emergency arising from terrorist attack or other unsanctioned actions, by assessment of the threats to critical system elements. Criteria are selected for ranking possible scenarios. The target scenario is identified by multicriterial optimization—specifically, by means of the displaced ideal in fuzzy decision making. By means of the algorithm developed for fuel and power companies, a hazard class may be assigned to any unsanctioned intervention, and improved security measures may be developed.