Analysis of the theory of capital

The search for a standard measure of value remains a significant theoretical challenge. Classical economists such as Smith, Ricardo, and Marx believed in a uniform measure of value. However, neoclassical economists argued that the social value of wealth cannot be measured in an objective and uniform way. In recent years, a new theory of value emerged. This theory, building on the foundations of classical economics and drawing inspiration from Newtonian mechanics, constructed an axiomatic system of value mechanics. It also deduced a system of value dimensions that can be applied in the field of economics. This new approach preliminarily solved the problem of calculating value using a uniform measure. Accordingly, we can now use the Euler–Lagrange equation to explore the process of optimal capital motion. This equation allows us to analyze theoretical problems of capital, including the value calculation of absolute surplus value, relative surplus value, and irrational economic behavior. This paper aims to establish a system for the measure of value, with two-fold character — natural and social, similar to the measurement system in natural sciences, offering standardized material properties for measurement units corresponding to value dimensions.