Long-Term Satellite Monitoring of Various Types of Wildfires and Wildfire-Induced Emissions of Climate-Active Gases and Aerosols in Russia and in Its Large Regions

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Abstract

Satellite monitoring results were used to study various types of wildfires that affected four vegetation types (forests, grasslands, shrubs, and agricultural areas) over the whole territory of the Russian Federation and its large regions individually in fire seasons (April - October) in 2001–2023. MCD64A1 information product was used to determine wildfire areas. The largest total values of wildfire areas for the entire territory of Russia during the studied period were recorded in 2002, 2003, and 2008, and over the past decade their maximum value was recorded in 2021, amounting to 117.0 thousand km2. Notably, the area of forest fires alone in 2021 reached a record value of 91.8 thousand km2. Annual fire-induced emissions of carbon-bearing climate-active gases СО, СО2, and CH4, and fine aerosols PM2.5 were estimated. The obtained estimates of fire areas and the fire-induced emissions of climate-active gases were compared with the results of other studies. A trend to reduced values of the total annual burned-out areas, as well as a progressive increase in the average annual fire radiation power (FRP) of all fire types that occurred in Russia during the studied 23-year period, were identified. It has been suggested that this is due to improvements in early fire detection and firefighting techniques, which have reduced the number of grassland fires and agricultural burnings, mostly in Russia’s European part. While the increase in annual average values of radiation power of hot spots is probably associated with climate change over the vast territory of Russia, manifested in an increase in temperature as well as the number and duration of dry periods.

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V. G. Bondur

AEROCOSMOS Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring

Author for correspondence.
Email: office@aerocosmos.info
Russian Federation, Moscow

A. L. Zima

AEROCOSMOS Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring

Email: office@aerocosmos.info
Russian Federation, Moscow

N. V. Feoktistova

AEROCOSMOS Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring

Email: office@aerocosmos.info
Russian Federation, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Distributions of areas burned by fires for the whole territory of Russia, obtained from MCD64A1 data for the time period from 2001 to 2023: a - distributions by months in the fire-hazardous period (April-October), b - distributions by types of fires, shown in different colours (forest - green, shrub - blue, meadow-steppe - yellow, agricultural - red), dotted bars - total areas of all types of fires.

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3. Fig. 2. Estimates of annual total emissions of carbon-containing gases CO2, CO and CH4 from different types of fires shown in different colours (forest fires in green, shrub fires in blue, meadow-steppe fires in yellow, agricultural fires in red) for large regions of Russia: a - European part of Russia (ECR), b - UFD, c - SFD, d - Far Eastern Federal District.

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4. Fig. 3. Area distributions of meadow-steppe fires and agricultural fires in the south of the European part of the Russian territory in different months of 2006 (a) and 2019 (b).

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5. Fig. 4. Annual emission volumes of carbon-containing gases CO (a), CO2 (b), CH4 (c) and PM2.5 fine aerosols (d) for different types of fires shown in different colours (forest fires in green, shrub fires in blue, meadow-steppe fires in yellow, agricultural fires in red) throughout Russia.

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6. Fig. 5. Estimates of forest fire areas (blue columns) and annual CO2 emissions (blue line) from 2009 to 2023 obtained in this paper, Rosleskhoz data on forest fire areas (yellow columns), data on forest fire areas (green bars) and CO2 emission volumes (green dashed line) for the time period from 2010 to 2020 obtained in the same time period, as presented in (Ershov and Sochilova, 2022).

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7. Fig. 6. Dynamics of annual fire areas (green - forest fires, yellow - other types of fires) occurring on the whole territory of the Russian Federation and annual average values of fire radiation power (FRP) from 2001 to 2023.

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