Latinskaya Amerika

The energy transition is one of the main mechanisms for achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement on Climate (2015). In this context, the States parties to the agreement are developing a set of measures aimed at reducing fossil fuel consumption and promoting the introduction of renewable energy sources.

The South and Central America region is a world leader in terms of the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix. However, this figure has been achieved mainly through the development of hydropower in Brazil and a number of other countries in South America, while the implementation of solar and wind energy projects faces several institutional difficulties. In particular, the prospects for large-scale export-oriented projects in conventional hydrocarbon energy and the lack of financing are constraining to increase the share of renewable energy.

When implementing the energy transition, the countries of the region put forward the thesis of the need to respect the principle of equity, that is, the focus of this process on improving the quality of life of the poorest segments of the population and the participation of developed countries in supporting clean energy initiatives in developing countries.

The study reveals a paradoxical situation: despite sanctions, Russia has increased non-resource exports to Latin America (fertilizers, machinery, IT). Particular growth is observed in countries that are in conflict with the United States (Honduras, Nicaragua), while stagnation is observed in those that are a priority for Russian foreign policy (Cuba, Venezuela). As long as institutional conditions are insufficient, Russian business often ignores regional specifics. The authors propose the concept of «strategic customization», including a complete revision of business models to suit the realities of the region.

This article examines Russian-Bolivian energy cooperation through a SWOT analysis with a focus on bilateral cooperation in the nuclear and lithium sectors. By analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the study assesses the current state and future prospects of this partnership. Strengths include advanced Russian technology, growing demand for lithium, and alignment with global sustainable deve-lopment goals. Weaknesses include political instability in Bolivia, high costs for lithium mining, construction of nuclear facilities and technology gaps. Opportunities lie in expanding cooperation beyond energy, promoting multipolarity through BRICS, and increasing trade. Threats include the US influence, regional competition and environmental concerns. Using qualitative content analysis and secondary data, the study emphasizes the strategic importance of these relationships for changing geopolitical dynamics and advancing sustainable development in Latin America.

The article aims to analyze the economic interests of Spain in foreign markets in the context of geo-economic and geopolitical transformations. Madrid is making attempts to go beyond the economic framework of the European Union and is trying to expend relations with states of the Global South, including countries in Asia, Africa,  Latin America and the Caribbean (LCA). The Trump administration's policies have had a serious impact on Spain's foreign economic relations in the transatlantic vector;  moreover, the Iberian country also faces risks in the context of the rivalry between the US and China. The ratification of the agreement with Mercosur by EU members remains important for Spain, as such an agreement has the potential to expand trade and investment on both sides of the Atlantic. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that in conditions of uncertainty at the global level, Spain is objectively forced to diversify its sales markets and expand trade and economic cooperation with the countries of the Global South.

The article examines the problem of reducing gender inequality in Spain and Latin America in the context of digital transformation. Based on the author's Digital Gender Participation Index (DGPI), the article reveals that digital transformation simultaneously opens and blocks women's professional trajectories. A comparative analysis of Spain and five Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru) reveals institutional differences: despite the high level of infrastructure provision in Spain, vertical segregation persists, while in Latin America the infrastructure-cost barrier dominates. The platform economy creates a “digital marginalized mobility”, where women are mainly involved in low-paid deliveries. The proposed concept of the triple-loop gap (access-skills-participation) allows us to clarify the parameters of SDG-5 and the EU policy “Digital Decade 2030” and serves as a basis for developing national plans for the digital inclusion of women.

This article examines the specifics of the legal regulation of international commercial arbitration in Latin American countries. The national legislation of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico is analyzed, taking into account their history and integration into the international legal system.
 
Goal. This study is aimed at a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the legal regulation of international commercial arbitration in some advanced Latin American countries – Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The objectives of the study include identifying the specifics of the national legislation of these countries, determining the prospects for further development of arbitration and identifying trends in the development of international commercial arbitration in the Latin American region.

Methods. The work uses a comprehensive methodological approach, including a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of Argentina (Law No. 27.449), Brazil (Law No. 9.307/96) and Mexico (Commercial Code), as well as an analysis of doctrinal sources on international arbitration. Particular attention was paid to comparing national laws with the UNCITRAL Model Law and the 1958 New York Convention.

Results. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn. All three countries have ratified the 1958 New York Convention and have largely incorporated the provisions of the UNCITRAL Model Law into their national legislation. Some differences in approaches to arbitration regulation have been found. Argentina is characterized by a dualistic system, while Brazil demonstrates a more integrated approach. In Mexico, the legal framework includes domestic legislation and international treaties. A general trend towards expanding the arbitrability of disputes has been identified, but limitations remain related to the public-law nature of some relationships.

Conclusions. Argentina, Brazil and Mexico are important regional centers for the resolution of international commercial disputes, demonstrating their commitment to international standards in the field of arbitration. An important success factor is the pro-arbitration position of national courts, which promotes minimal interference in the arbitration process. The development of institutional arbitration in the region testifies to its maturity and self-sufficiency. To further strengthen Latin America's position on the global arbitration map, it is necessary to overcome cultural and legal barriers, raise awareness of the benefits of arbitration, ensure a stable legal and political environment, and further harmonize national legislation with international standards.